Near-Surface Geophysical Characterization of Areas Prone to Natural Hazards
Alireza MalehmirLaura Valentina SoccoMehrdad BastaniCharlotte M. KrawczykA.A. PfaffhuberRichard D. MillerHansruedi MaurerRegula FrauenfelderKoya SutoSara BazinKaspar MerzTorleif Dahlin
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The procedure for evaluating the susceptibility to natural and anthropogenic sinkholes is aimed at contributing to mitigate the risk from the most common geohazard in karst. It develops from the identification and geographical location of the caves, and then proceeds with the speleological survey, before characterising the caves in terms of geological-structural data (highlighting all the existing discontinuities in the rock mass, of both stratigraphic and tectonic origin), and of all the features related to occurrence and development of instability processes. Laboratory tests and monitoring are also mentioned as further possible steps of the analysis. Eventually, the procedure results in a zonation depicting the sectors most prone to development of sinkholes.
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Solutional sinkholes pose a serious threat in karst regions. Few studies have actually addressed the mechanisms of their formation in any great detail (for solutional and collapse sinkholes) to enable an understanding of the sinkhole hazard in a scenario of global change. A brief case study is developed for Florida, USA as a state plagued by most of the contemporary challenges of sinkhole formation. This paper addresses work that has already made a contribution to an understanding of sinkhole formation and development and makes its own contribution by detailing a case study for Seffner, Florida, where Jeffrey Bush was engulfed by a collapse sinkhole in 2014 that was subsequently reactivated in 2015. The findings from this case study reveal a high incidence of sinkhole occurrence when temperatures are low and precipitation is also low in winter months (especially January). This suggests that temperature (rather than precipitation) may be the principal driving climatic factor, along with associated human impacts.
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Karst terrain is one of the most intricate grounds to be assessed for civil engineering. Fractures and cavities are unique landscapes formed in the karst terrain by the underground erosion limestone that dissolves in water. Karst units are discrete three-dimensional bodies in the solution of the bedrock has resulted in the integration of surface water and groundwater fractures and cavities are landscapes are distinguishable. Hydrology and landforms arising from a cooperation of high rock solubility and well developed secondary porosity. In the covered karst terrain where sinkhole collapse occurs there is a need to develop affordable and reliable investigation methods to delineate areas of potential sinkhole collapse. Movement of ground wather through the joints carbonates rock cause solution of the rock and development of fractures,cavities and sinkholes. The sinkholes develops where soil transport through cutter drains is sufficient to remove the soil and when the number of fractures and cavities in the karst terrain was more so happened the sinkhole and geohazard. With developing of the fractures and cavities in the limestone bedrock, geohazard (geological hazard) is occured. The geohazard is the naturally accruing and is potential danger to life or possessions. Geoelectromagnetic techniques are extremely important as a direct detection geophysical tool utilized in mapping tool for mining, environmental, petroleum, and engineering purpose. By using this techniques allowed use to examine the county's karst using two-dimensional and three dimensional views. Geoelectromagnetic techniques have been successfully used to delineate a large cave system lying beneath the site. This study will involved the development of geoelectromagnetic methods of fractures and cavities in the karstic areas for engineering purpose an increase of knowledge for recognition about of the karst terrain by use of geoelectromagnetic methods.
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Sinkholes occur in many areas of the world, especially where carbonate rocks crop out. They are formed due to natural processes or caused by man's activities. In both cases, severe consequences have to be registered on the anthropogenic environment and related infrastructures. Knowledge of both the mechanism of the sinkhole formation and the localization of this subtle geohazard is therefore necessary for planners and decision makers to perform the most appropriate and suitable programs of land use and development. The Apulia region of southern Italy is characterized for most of its extension by carbonate rocks, which makes it one of the most remarkable examples of karst in the Mediterranean basin. The sinkhole formation in Apulia urban areas has recently produced severe damages, especially along its coastal planes, where different types of sinkholes occur. The detection of cavities, that could collapse and create a sinkhole, in an urban environment presents numerous difficulties (buried networks, reworked soils, etc). A methodology has been developed to respond to this need based on the integration of four complementary methods: geological analysis of outcrops and existing borehole descriptions, aerophotogrammetric interpretation of aerial photos, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The combination of these methods, applied to a test sector in the city of Casalabate, made it possible to locate the principal karstic conduits beneath the study area and identify a zone of high sinkhole geohazard associated with one such feature.
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Geospatial technology (that includes Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System GIS) has opened up opportunities for qualitative analyses of sinkholes distribution with multi thematic maps to define the relationship of GIS database. Kinta Valley have been deteriorating dramatically as a result of changes that had occurred in the past and continues due to the close relationship between the fast rate of lateral urbanization and extensive dimensional expansion of surface mining and quarrying activities, where sinkholes are the main crux of the geohazard in Kinta Valley. Geospatial information system for sinkholes had been established using pictorial, tabular and ancillary data to build a relational GIS database. The application is capable of analyzing an entire data set of sinkholes to create sinkholes distribution map. The objective of this paper is to highlight the value of Geospatial Information System as a tool to define sinkhole distribution and change detection for geohazard evaluation. Keywords: Geospatial, Karst, Sinkholes distribution, Geohazard, Malaysia .
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The design, construction and performance of two major Lehigh Valley PA highways are presented as well as special geohazard mitigation measures that were developed for I-78 based upon the PA-33 sinkhole history. The geologic setting, sinkhole history, and subsurface conditions of both I-78 and PA-33 are compared and contrasted. An update of the PA-33 sinkhole activity is presented along with proposed sinkhole mitigation measures currently under consideration. Sinkhole risks posed by planned residential development along I-78 are highlighted along with plans for an expanded Schantz Spring groundwater protection program.
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