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Seven fundamental questions on the relationship of lithospheric stresses and sedimentary basin origin and evolution are posed and elaborated. These are: (1) How is the evolution of sedimentary basins tied to lithospheric dynamics? (2) What are the sources of stress that lead to formation of sedimentary basins? (3) How does the interaction between internally and externally applied stresses affect the formation and evolution of sedimentary basins? (4) How do space and time variations of rheology and pore pressure affect stress transmission, strain, vertical motions, and stratigraphy during basin evolution? (5) What factors influence spatial and temporal variations of rheology in, and around, different kinds of sedimentary basins? (6) What is the role of magmatism in basin formation and what deep-seated processes does it reflect? (7) What is the relationship between basin evolution, thermal history, and fluid flow? These fundamental questions can be investigated by developing fully-dynamic models of processes at the basin and sub-basin scale. Models must incorporate or honour basin history and plate reconstructions; the intregration of structural and sedimentological data; direct observations of the physical state; and the synthesis of geological and geophysical data, including tectono/dynamic stratigraphy, petrological and geochemical data, and geophysical data (gravity, magnetics, heat flow, deep and shallow seismics). A number of type basins — in passive margin, foreland, rift, and strike-slip tectonic settings — suitable for modelling studies elucidating the fundamental questions are identified.
Back-stripping
Basin modelling
Pull apart basin
Tectonic subsidence
Thermal subsidence
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A data assimilation approach is demonstrated whereby seismic inversion is both automated and enhanced using a comprehensive numerical sedimentary basin simulator to study the physics and chemistry of sedimentary basin processes in response to geothermal gradient in much greater detail than previously attempted. The approach not only reduces costs by integrating the basin analysis and seismic inversion activities to understand the sedimentary basin evolution with respect to geodynamic parameters—but the technique also has the potential for serving as a geoinfomatics platform for understanding various physical and chemical processes operating at different scales within a sedimentary basin. Tectonic history has a first-order effect on the physical and chemical processes that govern the evolution of sedimentary basins. We demonstrate how such tectonic parameters may be estimated by minimizing the difference between observed seismic reflection data and synthetic ones constructed from the output of a reaction, transport, mechanical (RTM) basin model. We demonstrate the method by reconstructing the geothermal gradient. As thermal history strongly affects the rate of RTM processes operating in a sedimentary basin, variations in geothermal gradient history alter the present-day fluid pressure, effective stress, porosity, fracture statistics and hydrocarbon distribution. All these properties, in turn, affect the mechanical wave velocity and sediment density profiles for a sedimentary basin. The present-day state of the sedimentary basin is imaged by reflection seismology data to a high degree of resolution, but it does not give any indication of the processes that contributed to the evolution of the basin or causes for heterogeneities within the basin that are being imaged. Using texture and fluid properties predicted by our Basin RTM simulator, we generate synthetic seismograms. Linear correlation using power spectra as an error measure and an efficient quadratic optimization technique are found to be most effective in determining the optimal value of the tectonic parameters. Preliminary 1-D studies indicate that one can determine the geothermal gradient even in the presence of observation and numerical uncertainties. The algorithm succeeds even when the synthetic data has detailed information only in a limited depth interval and has a different dominant frequency in the synthetic and observed seismograms. The methodology presented here even works when the basin input data contains only 75 per cent of the stratigraphic layering information compared with the actual basin in a limited depth interval.
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Abstract. In the present study, the structure of sedimentary basins in the eastern Asia Arctic zone is analysed by employing the approach based on decompensative gravity anomalies. Two obtained models, differing in their initial conditions, provide thickness and density of sediments in the study area. They demonstrate essentially new details on the structure, shape, and density of the sedimentary basins. Significant changes in the sedimentary thickness and the depo-centre location have been found for the Anadyr Basin in its continental part. Also, new details on the sedimentary thickness distribution have been revealed for the central part of the Penzhin and Pustorets basins; for the latter, the new location of the depo-centre has been identified. The new model agrees well with the seismic data on the sedimentary thickness for the offshore part of the Chauna Basin confirming that the method is robust. The most significant lateral redistribution of the thickness has been found for the Lower Cretaceous coal-bearing strata in the northern part of the Zyryanka Basin, where the connection of two coal-bearing zones, which was not previously mapped, has been identified. Also, the new details on the sedimentary thickness distribution have been discovered for the Primorsk Basin. Therefore, the new results substantially improve our knowledge about the region, since previous geological and geophysical studies were unsystematic, sparse, and limited in depth. Thus, the implementation of the decompensative gravity anomalies approach provides a better understanding of the evolution of the sedimentary basins and the obtained results can be used for planning future detailed studies in the area.
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geodynamics
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The classification of sedimentary basins is fundamental for research on basins and related fields.Although there are a variety of basin classification schemes with different emphases and advantages,the study of the classification of intracontinental basins is still weak.A sedimentary basin represents a typical giant system and its classification is a complicated system engineering.The excellent classification for basins should reflect integrality,hierarchy,relevancy,typicality(representativeness)and comparability(predictability)of the basin system.The classification of basin types is mainly based on the factors,including tectonic position,lithospheric type,subsidence mechanism and dynamic environment,basinal texture and structure,basement property,sedimentary environment and filling feature,etc.,during the formation and development of the basin.The forces which led to basin subsidence were mainly originated from the deep Earth and can be divided into four types:thermal,stress,gravity and combination of all the three.The basin formed by asteroid impact is a special case and could be classified into the gravity-originated type.Another noteworthy basin type is the basin generated by landform genesis;the basin did not result from endogenic processes but caused by sediments and water body accumulating in lowland;this type of basin has been observed in different tectonic environments;their occurrence conditions of mineral deposits and geodynamic implications are quite different from those basins having endogenic genesis;therefore,the basin is separately treated as a basin type with distinctive origin.Based on previous classification schemes and studies of sedimentary basins and considering plate tectonics dynamic setting,independence and initiative of intracontinental internal dynamics,and main forces leading to basin subsidence,this paper divides the regional tectonic environment of basin development into 6types:within oceanic plate,within continental plate,divergent,subduction,collision,and transform continental(plate)margin,plus newly-added asteroid-impact and reformed composite types.Among the former 6 types,44 sub-types of sedimentary basins are further classified according to their dynamic environments and major mechanical properties(stresses),respectively.We further discussed and explained about the newly-added types and newly-defined types of basins and the terms which have been changed;these basins include backland basins,side continental basins,transform-compensation basins,pull-rift basins,landform genesis basins,asteroid-impact basins,intermediate massif basins,intracontinental foreland basins,reformed basins and so on.This basin classification scheme is a rational and comprehensive induction based on the same or similar tectonic environment of the basins in various regions;it is relatively systematic and complete.In the geological history and today,a certain type of basin may have been absent or incompletely developed in somewhere having the same tectonic environment because of the differentiated geologicalconditions and changing of development processes.Every sedimentary basin classification scheme,from its birth,must be under test,controversy and construction.By doing this,it gradually becomes perfect.
Back-stripping
Pull apart basin
Tectonic subsidence
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Abstract. In the present study, structure of sedimentary basins in the Eastern Asia Arctic zone is analysed by employing the approach based on decompensative gravity anomalies. Two obtained models, differing in their initial conditions, provide thickness and density of sediments in the study area. They demonstrate essentially new details on the structure, shape and density of the sedimentary basins. Significant changes in the sedimentary thickness and the depocenter location have been found for the Anadyr basin in its continental part. Also, new details on the sedimentary thickness distribution have been revealed for the central part of the Penzhin and Pustorets basins, for the latter, the new location of the depocenter has been identified. The new model agrees well with the seismic data on the sedimentary thickness for the offshore part of the Chauna basin confirming that the method is robust. The most significant lateral redistribution of the thickness has been found for the Lower Cretaceous coal-bearing strata in the northern part of the Zyryanka basin, where the connection of two coal-bearing zones, that was not previously mapped, has been identified. Also, the new details on the sedimentary thickness distribution have been discovered for the Primorsk basin. Therefore, the new results substantially improve our knowledge about the region, since previous geological and geophysical studies were unsystematic, sparse and limited in depth. Thus, the implementation of the decompensative gravity anomalies approach provides a better understanding of the evolution of the sedimentary basins and the obtained results can be used for planning of future detailed studies in the area.
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With introduction and discussion of the dynamics of sedimentary basins and basin reservoir(ore) forming systems to be a main line,this paper generalizes and summarizes author's thoughts and viewpoints in this area. Sedimentary basins are significant in three aspects(scientific research,material needs and living environment) of earth science research and application,especially those large and medium-sized basins having a large distribution area and long development history(e.g.,oil-gas basins). A sedimentary basin is a negative tectonic unit formed in a depression of crust or lithosphere,in which sediments continuously infill in geologic history.The author defines dynamics of sedimentary basin as: A coupling dynamic system and evolution process of earth internal and external dynamics directly controlling and obviously impacting on basin subsidence and sediments infilling,and it is an important component of geodynamic systems.According to different driven force of basin depression,the origin of basin can be divided into thermal,stress,gravity and composite four types.From redefinition and revealing distribution position,evolution and relationships of basin subsidence centre,depocenter and accumulation centre,ruling out the sedimentary effects generated by non-subsidence processes,it is possible to characterize the role of subsidence and its temporal-spatial correlation and reasons with deposit and accumulation centers. The Chinese sedimentary basins are characterized by their strong tectonic activities,deep processes and intensive late reforming.All these are attributed to tectonic features of China continent.Based on the main geological processes of reforming and reforming fashions,the reformed basins can be divided into eight types.Eliminating impacts of late reforming and recovering original basin can build up a firm basis for recognition of basin evolution-reforming processes and oil-gas reservoir forming,positioning and distribution. According to the geological facts of reformed basin and the research practice of the author,ideas and regulations of study on reformed basin and oil-gas evaluation are explored and proposed;The time limit of oil-gas late-extra late reservoir forming-positioning in Chinese basins is redefined in terms of Absolute time and relative time.And also,the influences of deep processes on oil-gas accumulation,oil-gas escape and geologic effects are discussed. The research for dynamics of petroliferous basins can be divided into three major systems of basin forming,reservoir forming and assessment.In the study of basin evolution and reforming,a close correlation and interaction exist between the major systems and the sub-systems.The whole,dynamic,integrated principle for research of the basins is promoted to follow. More than 82 percent of proven sandstone-type uranium deposits on the earth coexist with oil-gas or coal fields in the same basins.Association and enrichment of the four main energy minerals within the same basin is common.But,the distribution of enrichment for different minerals is localized especially this is typical in central-east Asia.The characteristics of occurrence of multi-energy mineral deposits in all basins of mineralization domain in central-east Asia show a complex but orderly spatial distribution,close correlation of each(reservoir) ore-bearing stratum and region background,the same or similar timing of reservoir(ore) forming-positioning,related occurrence setting and reservoir(ore) forming.Also,the uranium main mineralization processes and mineralization period is in response to the regional dynamic changes,and basically consistent with the reservoir forming-positioning period of oil-gas in basins,indicating a close inherent relationships and unified geodynamic setting between them. The single sedimentary basin having multi-organic and inorganic,metallic and non-metallic minerals and water resources inside represents a basic unit and a giant complex system for multi-mineral accumulation and reservoir(ore) forming in the same basin.The system is called the reservoir(ore) forming system of sedimentary basin.In the system,the occurrence of various sedimentary minerals is not isolated.Their formation and distribution are closely related,interacting,mutually affecting,and intrinsic relationship exhibits in different forms.This system possesses its own characteristics of ore forming and reservoir(ore) forming setting.Thus,it should be treated as an independent mineralization system differing from and paralleling to other ore-forming systems. This paper discusses types of small-sized petroliferous basins and the conditions of oil-gas accumulation,the necessity and guidance for further study of mature basins.It is suitable for the system dynamics study of(stable continental) block-basin-belt(all types of tectonically active belts) in west China. The earth and basin all belong to the complex giant systems of different classes.It is an effective approach to use integrated and systematic academic thoughts to study complex science such as geosciences.In study of complex systems,the interaction of various sub-systems is the most important.In the mean while,the attention has to be drawn to the evolution of ideology and methodology,and to effort to disclose the individual characteristics of research objects.
Back-stripping
Tectonic subsidence
Thermal subsidence
Basin modelling
Pull apart basin
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