XI.—A Late-glacial Site at Loch Droma, Ross and Cromarty
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Synopsis Excavations in 1958 for the construction of a dam at Loch Droma, Ross and Cromarty, revealed a deep and extensive section in peat and Late-glacial silts. The section was surveyed, its environs studied, and samples of materials analyzed by the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, and the Sub-department of Quaternary Research, University of Cambridge. The watershed location of the site, the early radio-carbon date obtained for the basal silts (12,810 ± 155 B.P.), and the nature of their organic contents, make this a critical site for the elucidation of the deglaciation and vegetational history of the Atlantic seaboard of North-west Scotland. In Part I of this report, W. Kirk describes the site and its setting, and indicates some of the problems it raises for existing glacial chronologies of Northern Scotland, and in Part II, H. Godwin summarizes and comments upon the analyses of organic remains.Keywords:
Deglaciation
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Abstract The glacial development of the lower Borgarfjördur region, western Iceland, was investigated with regard to morphology, lithostratigraphy and chronology of glacial events. The maximum glacial situation is outlined, and a synthesis of all available evidence on the deglaciation is proposed. It is concluded that after an initial deglaciation of the coastal lowlands, some time prior to 12,500 BP, glaciers again advanced to the outer coastal areas between 12,000 and 11,700 BP, and, after a minor retreat between 11,700 and 11,000 BP, retained nearly their former positions between 11,000 and 10,300 BP. The marine maximum limit, at 80–90 m a.s.l., was reached in connection with the former advance, and the regional marine limit, at 60–70 m, at the end of the latter advance. A raised beach at 40 m a.s.l. possibly relates to an Early Flandrian glacial episode. These results imply a more extensive glaciation in coastal western Iceland at the end of the Late Weichselian than hitherto assumed. Key Words: Glacial geologychronologyradiocarbon dateslithostratigraphyLate Weichseliandeglaciationsea level changesBorgarfjördurHvalfjördurIceland
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Lithostratigraphy
Last Glacial Maximum
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Various concepts of the deglaciation of Finland are presented in the form of a historical review. The suggestions of an early (12,000–10,000 B.P) deglaciation of eastern and northern Finland are considered to be erroneous. A map depicting the ice recession as successive ice‐marginal lines is presented. According to radiocarbon dates the Finnish territory was entirely deglaciated slightly after 9000 B. P.
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Recent kineto‐stratigraphic studies (Berthelsen, Bull. Geol. Soc. Denm. 27 , 1978) indicate repeated advances and recessions and a correspondingly complex pattern of deglaciation. From mainly morphological studies Marcussen ( Danm. Geol. Unders . II: 110. 1977) advocates that only one Weichselian advance (from N and NE) occurred. Two of his key areas are discussed. His deglaciation model involves the formation of successively lower plains during the late Middle Weichselian due to glaciofluvial and ablation processes. It is shown that this model must be abandoned, because its implications contradict its basic assumptions.
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Quaternary science
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In this paper,The new discover of quaternary glaciation remains in Lu mountain is accounted.On the basis of this ,It is d obtained thatwhile Analyzing topographical feature in Lu mountain and quarternary glaciation accumulation,Multiform characteristic intergration must be thought much of.
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Ole Humlum & Michael Houmark-Nielsen: High Deglaciation Rates in Denmark During the Late Weichselian—Implications for the Palaeoenvironment. Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 94:xx-xx. Copenhagen, Dec. 1994. Available geologic evidence suggests that the mean deglaciation rate in Denmark 18,000–17,000 calendar years BP was at least about 100 m/year, probably requiring a total vertical ice ablation of 30–35 m/year. This ablation value is large when compared to the amount of ice ablation that could be expected on physical grounds. The reasons for this apparent discrepancy are discussed and factors such as glacier bed strength characteristics, presence of marginal water bodies and occurrence of strong catabatic winds are suggested as environmental phenomena that should be taken into consideration when formulating dynamic deglaciation models and reconstructing the Late Weichselian palaeoenvironment in Denmark; climate alone does not explain the observed patterns and rates of deglaciation.
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A review is given of the past and present research on the deglaciation of Sweden north of the Middle Swedish End Moraines. Problems concerning the differences in the mode of deglaciation above and below the highest coastline and the activity of the ice are discussed. Dating of the deglaciation offers special problems. The clay‐varve method and radiocarbon dating of the beginning of organic sedimentation in particular are discussed.
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Deglaciation
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Abstract The article is devoted to the peculiarities of quaternary deposits formation in the territory of the Novgorod region, under the influence of the first four phases of the last covering Valdai glaciation. The authors show the role of this glaciation as the basis for the formation of genetic types of parent rocks for the soils of this area.
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ln the north-west of Portugal, the quaternary glaciation hadn't only reached the mountains of Gerês and Peneda. Also in Cabreira mountain, southward and with low altitude, forms and deposits with origin in the quaternary cold are remarked, even than in a smaller number and of a smaller dimension. This article tries to point out the sheltered character of the glaciation in the culminant massif of Cabreira mountain, as well as to distinguish the two kinds of landscapes present there, derived from an intense gelifraction (slopes with cryoclastic debris) and from glacial morphogenesis.
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