Geochemistry of Rare Earth and Trace Elements in Rare Earth Concentrate from Sichuan Province and the Significance of the Exploitation and Utilization
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Sichuan Province is one of the most important provinces in China for light rare earth element(LREE) resources,where has been produced a large amount of rare earth concentrate in the past 20 years.Rare earth elements ΣREEs) and other useful elements in rare earth concentrates are very important for resource evaluation and enterprise survival.In this paper,geochemistry of rare earth elements(REEs) and trace elements in samples from the Jia,Yi and Bing REE deposits has been studied.The results show that the content of REEs and trace elements in rare earth concentrate samples are changed in different deposit,enterprise and different mineral dressing process.The lowest level of ΣREEs is from Jia(ΣREEs = 41.96%),the highest level is from Bing(ΣREEs =55.83%).ΣREEs of magnetic concentrate(ΣREEs = 49.96%) is higher than flotation concentrate(ΣREEs =41.57%),and ΣREEs from A Company(ΣREEs =48.35%) is higher than from B Company(ΣREEs = 42.92%).The REE distribution patterns of concentrate sample are inherited from rare earth ores while Tb and Yb are depleted,indicating that the mineral dressing process may lead to loss of these elements.REEs are enriched in concentrate sample,and Mo,Bi,Pb,Ga,Th,U,W are also enriched.Especially,Mo and Ga are in cut-off grade.These results indicate that it is necessary to increase REE grade of rare earth concentrate,and to take appropriate measures to reclaim higher concentration elements.Keywords:
Rare-earth element
Trace element
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he increasing demand of Rare Earth Elements (REE) in the industry and their economic relevance plays a crucial role in the mining exploration. In order to cover the worldwide demand unconventional deposits such as dumps and tailings from abandoned mines are being considered as a new source to recover REE bearing minerals. Purwadi et al. (2018) have investigated the concentration and visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of REEs-bearing tailings of a closed tin mine located on the Bangka Island (Indonesia) but detected no REEs bearing minerals due to their low abundance (<1wt.%). Our study investigates the sediments (quartz rich tailings) from this tin mine by means of Electron Microprobe (EMP). The measurements on 12 tailing samples have shown the occurrence of zircon ZrSiO4 and abundant REE bearing minerals such as monazite (Ce,La)PO4 , xenotime YPO4 , thorite (Th,U)SiO4, and uranite UO2. REEs bearing phases occur in quartz or at the grain boundaries, are approximately 5 to 50 μ large, and form relatively fresh (poorly altered) un-to subhedral grains providing suitable surfaces for EMP point analyses. Plotting the concentration of the REEs of monazite and xenotime in the chondrite normalized diagram they show the typical monazite decreasing and xenotime increasing pattern with no obvious anomaly. Chemically monazites are characterized by high thorium (up to 18% ThO - mainly as huttonite component) and very high yttrium and xenotime component (up to 3.5 wt. % Y2O3) indicating a high monazite formation temperature. More analyses including ICP-OES on selected samples are planned in the near future to investigate REE distribution in these type of deposits e.g. depleting and or enrichment triggered by fluids, weathering and alteration. The integration of spectral techniques and mineralogical-chemical investigations such as EMP and ICP-OES should play a crucial role in the future to characterize dumps, for the recovery of REEs and their signature in the deposits leading to a sustainable and economical extraction.
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The geochemistry of rare earth elements (REEs) was studied in rock samples from host formations, ore samples from two mineral deposits (the Hetaoping Cu-Pb-Zn mine: HTP and the Heiyanao Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn mine: HYA) and the overlying or nearby soils to better understand REE concentrations, distributions and behaviour during weathering from different parent materials at the regional scale, Baoshan area, Yunnan Province, SW China. The mudstone and sandstone formations have the highest total REE (ΣREE) contents. Chondrite-normalized diagrams for rocks and ores show significant light REEs (LREEs) enrichments and Eu depletion (except for ores in HYA). Cerium displays an obvious negative anomaly in carbonate rocks (Є-3-R, C-R, D-R, T-1-R and T-2-R). Soils overlying carbonate rock formations (T-1-S, C-S and Є-3-S) have the highest ΣREE contents, while soils overlying basalts have the lowest ΣREE contents. Soils show enrichments in LREEs with negative Eu anomalies and slight Ce anomalies in the studied soils. Soils with high ∑LREE/∑heavy REE (HREE) values may result from the preferential absorption of LREEs by organic matter. Negative Eu anomalies in soils occur for parent materials in the study area lacking feldspar, especially soils developed from carbonates. Compared to the parent materials, most soils show REE enrichment because alkali metals are removed and REEs are concentrated by low mobility in surficial processes and positive Ce anomalies because of weathering dissolution of other trivalent REEs with ionic radii similar to that of Ca 2+ . Supplementary material: Additional data (Tables S1 and S2) and sample locations (Fig. S1) are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5303140
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In this paper, the characteristics of some trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in oil shales were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).It was noted that the content of most trace elements under study ranged from 1 to 50 µg/g.Trace elements with a content < 1 µg/g and > 50 µg/g were also determined.Elements whose abundance in the Earth's crust is high have a high content in oil shale as well.Rare earth elements in oil shale are closely connected with terrigenous clastic rocks, whose supplies of land-derived matters have been relatively stable.Additionally, it was indicated that the fractional degree of high rare earth elements (HREEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) in oil shale was remarkable, and the diagenetic environment of oil shale samples was similar.
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A review of the compositional features of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco phosphorites is proposed in order to assess and compare the paleoenvironmental conditions that promoted the deposit formation as well as provide information about their economic perspective in light of growing worldwide demand. Since these deposits share a very similar chemical and mineralogical composition, the attention was focused on the geochemistry of rare earth elements (REEs) and mostly on ΣREEs, Ce and Eu anomalies, and (La/Yb) and (La/Gd) normalized ratios. The REEs distributions reveal several differences between deposits from different locations, suggesting mostly that the Tunisian and Algerian phosphorites probably were part of the same depositional system. There, sub-reducing to sub-oxic conditions and a major REEs adsorption by early diagenesis were recorded. Conversely, in the Moroccan basins, sub-oxic to oxic environments and a minor diagenetic alteration occurred, which was likely due to a different seawater supply. Moreover, the drastic environmental changes associated to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum event probably influenced the composition of Northern African phosphorites that accumulated the highest REEs amounts during that span of time. Based on the REEs concentrations, and considering the outlook coefficient of REE composition (Koutl) and the percentage of critical elements in ΣREEs (REEdef), the studied deposits can be considered as promising to highly promising REE ores and could represent a profitable alternative source for critical REEs.
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As a whole of water column, suspended matter and surface sediment in the mainstream and the branch taking up industry wastewater, speciation and distribution characters of rare earth elements (REEs) were investigated systemically in the Baotou section of the Yellow River. This study shows that rare earth elements in the mainstream of the Baotou section of the Yellow River mainly exist in suspended particles, and the dissolved contents are in extremely minute quantities. REEs mainly exist in dissolved particles in the branch taking up industry wastewater, and suspended sigma REE and dissolved sigma REE are obviously higher than those in the mainstream. The change of sigma REE of dissolved particles in water phase along the Baotou section of the Yellow River is very similar to that of sigma REE of suspended particles, and consistent along the main river, it is that sigma REE increase appreciably from the control profile to the keystone discharged section, come to a head in the D site and reduce in the E site. This distribution pattern indicates pile industry wastewater of Baotou to rare earth elements in the mainstream of the Yellow River, particularly LREE. The REE distribution in the mainstream of the Baotou section of the Yellow River is the same, with LREE enrichment and Eu depletion. But LREE origin of D site is different from the other sites by excursion of LREE distribution curve and other geochemical parameters, they are origin of industry wastewater piled, otherwise the other four sites are origin of loess altiplano. And HREE are origin of loess altiplano in all the sites. The speciation characteristics of REE in the sediments and suspended matter are quite similar with the amount in as follows: residual >> bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides > bound to organic matter >> exchangeable. REEs exchangeable in surface sediment and suspended matter in the branch taking up industry wastewater are higher than those in the mainstream, it confirms that REEs in the mainstream mainly exist in suspended particles, and mainly exist in dissolved particles in the branch.
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