The southern Italy earthquake of 23 November 1980: An unusual pattern of faulting
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abstract A complex rupture history for the 23 November 1980 magnitude 6.9 Italian earthquake resulted in an unusual pattern of two high-angle, subperpendicular normal faults forming the corner of a down-dropped crustal block. Evidence for this interpretation is from aftershocks, the pattern of strong ground motion, focal mechanism of the mainshock, and two critically placed leveling profiles. Quantitative modeling of leveling profiles using smoothly varying dislocation segments provides confirmation of the fault pattern and specific verification of the existence of a secondary fault which is suborthogonal to the primary fault. Rupture began on the NW-trending main fault with downward motion of the northeast block. About 40 sec after initial motion began, rupture initiated on an orthogonal NE-trending subsidiary fault, propagating away from the main fault. This fault pattern is consistent with tectonic extension in a northeasterly direction.Keywords:
Normal fault
Focal mechanism
The northern part of Miyagi Prefecture is one of the most seismically active areas in the northeastern Japan arc. At present, many shallow earthquakes occur in and around the focal area of the 1962 Northern Miyagi Earthquake (M 6.5). The daily number of these earthquakes occurring now coincides with that expected from the lapse time-aftershock frequency relation, the extended Omori's law, of the 1962 event. A temporary seismic network set up in this area has revealed that the present seismicity is distributed on a plane dipping to the west-northwest at an angle of about 50°. Hypocenters of aftershocks within one month of the main shock occurrence are relocated by using S-P time data of the aftershocks. Relocated aftershocks are also distributed on a plane dipping to the west-northwest at approximately the same angle which corresponds to one of the nodal planes of the focal mechanism solution of the main shock. These observations indicate that the 1962 event ruptured along a plane inclined toward the west-northwest at an angle of -50° and that aftershocks of this event are still actively occurring now, more than 30 years after the main shock occurrence, along the fault plane or its northward extension.
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Abstract The earthquake sequences connected with the earthquakes of August 31 and September 14, 1963 in the Salinas-Watsonville region of California are here studied with reference to the background seismic activity. A very favorable distribution of permanent and mobile stations in this area permits the analysis to include earthquakes of small magnitudes. The mechanism of the larger aftershocks of both sequences is found to be similar to the mechanism of the main shock of September 14, 1963. The orientation of the principal axes of stress derived from the focal mechanism of the September 14 earthquake, is related to the strike of the San Andreas fault.
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Abstract On 1973 January 5, an intermediate-depth earthquake occurred in the centre of the North Island, New Zealand, and was followed by 7 aftershocks. The composite first motion pattern of the aftershocks closely resembled that of the main shock, and the aftershock zone had the same orientation as 1 of the nodal planes of the focal mechanism.
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Abstract This research was examines the focal mechanism associated with the mainshock and three aftershocks of the magnitude 6.3 Yogyakarta earthquake on May 27, 2006. This study, therefore, aims to provide a cleareranswer on the source mechanism of the earthquake, which has been debated. Data were obtained from the mainshock and aftershock sources, on June 8, 9, and 16, 2006. The mainshock and three aftershocks were used to conduct waveform inversion by calculating the Green's functions through the extended reflectivity method of the near-field and the far-field signal component. The mainshock's focal mechanism has a strike, dip, and range angle of 243.40o, 77.50o, and -28.30o, respectively.Furthermore, the mainshock is not a pure strike-slip as previously hypothesized. The focal mechanism for the aftershock earthquake source on Mw 4.4, obtained on June 8, had a strike, dip, rake, and variance of 192.20o, 29.70o, -48.30o and 0.22, respectively. This aftershock had a different segment from the mainshock event and those obtained on the 9 and 16 of June with the same type of faulting as the mainshock with variance values of 0.195 and 0.243. These results showed that the mainshock of May 27, 2006, activated the aftershock on June 8, with a different type of fault.
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We conducted a temporary seismic observation just after the occurrence of July 26, 2003, M6.4 northern Miyagi earthquake, in order to precisely locate aftershock hypocenters. Thirteen portable data-logger stations and one satellite communication telemetry station were installed in and around the focal area of the M6.4 event. Hypocenters of aftershocks were located by using data observed at those temporary stations and nearby permanent stations of Tohoku University, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Obtained aftershock distribution clearly delineates the fault plane of this M6.4 event in the depth range of 3–12 km. The fault plane dips westward at an angle of ~50 degree in the northern part of the aftershock area and northwestward at ~40 degree in the southern part. Data observed at dense temporary stations just above the focal area and nearby permanent stations allowed us to determine focal mechanisms of many aftershocks. The results show that focal mechanism of reverse fault type is predominant in this aftershock sequence. Directions of P-axes, however, varies mainly with locations of hypocenters, and are classified into three groups. Aftershocks with P-axis of NW-SE direction occurred mainly in the southern part of the aftershock area where the M5.6 foreshock and the main shock ruptures were initiated. Many aftershocks with P-axis of east-west direction took place in the central part of the aftershock area where large amount of fault slips by the main shock were estimated from waveform inversions. Many aftershocks in the northernmost part of the aftershock area have focal mechanisms with P-axis of NE-SW direction, similar to that of the M5.5 largest aftershock. A few aftershocks with normal fault type occurred close to convex regions of the main shock fault plane or outside of it.
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