Process ichnological analysis of the Lower Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Alberta
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Research Article| June 01, 2015 Process ichnological analysis of the Lower Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Alberta Scott E. Botterill; Scott E. Botterill Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. Gordon Campbell; S. Gordon Campbell Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. George Pemberton; S. George Pemberton Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Murray K. Gingras Murray K. Gingras Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Scott E. Botterill Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 S. Gordon Campbell Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 S. George Pemberton Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Murray K. Gingras Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Publisher: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Received: 22 Sep 2014 Accepted: 24 Feb 2015 First Online: 12 Jul 2017 Online Issn: 2368-0261 Print Issn: 0007-4802 © the Society of Canadian Petroleum Geologists Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology (2015) 63 (2): 123–142. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.63.2.123 Article history Received: 22 Sep 2014 Accepted: 24 Feb 2015 First Online: 12 Jul 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Scott E. Botterill, S. Gordon Campbell, S. George Pemberton, Murray K. Gingras; Process ichnological analysis of the Lower Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 2015;; 63 (2): 123–142. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.63.2.123 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyBulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract The process ichnological methodology was applied to a core dataset from the late Aptian to early Albian Bluesky Formation to identify the ichnological characteristics of ancient, marginal marine environments. This methodology has proven effective in recognizing the response of trace making organisms to various physico-chemical stresses in modern environments, but its application to ancient deposits is less established. Several previous studies of the Bluesky Formation have identified a wide range of depositional affinities; however few of these have focused on the detailed combination of ichnologic criteria outlined within the process ichnological framework. In order to assess the effectiveness of the process ichnological framework to the rock record, high resolution, systematic ichnological characteristics were recorded and combined with sedimentologic data from nine wells containing core from within the Bluesky Formation. These characteristics led to the identification of several inferred physico-chemical stresses within the dataset showing an overall evolution from high energy brackish water deposition to a low energy, marine setting. This study contributes to the well-established brackish-water ichnological model and, in addition, helps establish the utility of the process ichnological methodology in the recognition of physico-chemical stresses in ancient environments. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.For the past 15 years, paleomagnetic studies on various rock types have consistently shown southern and Baja California to have been located at 10/sup 0/-17/sup 0/ lower latitude, relative to cratonal North America, than it is today. Similar studies on the Salinian block and in southwestern Oregon also indicate substantially lower latitudes for the deposition of Upper Cretaceous rocks. In seeming contradiction, apparent correlations across the Gulf of California plate boundary relate Cambrian(.) to Triassic stratal rocks of Sonora and the Great Basin to their contemporaries in Baja California, and Jurassic and Cretaceous arc rocks in the peninsula to those in mainland Mexico. Therefore, relative movement along the San Andreas system seems limited to approximately 300 km in a right-lateral direction since the Miocene. A possible accommodation to both sets of evidence places the Baja Peninsula near its present position relative to cratonal North America until about the Middle Jurassic, when it began moving relatively southeastward. This left-lateral motion placed it about 11/sup 0/ southeast by the Aptian-Albian and 17/sup 0/ southeast by the Campanian-Maestrichtian. The Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous arcs trended southeast through Sonora, Sinaloa, and Jalisco, and then down the length of peninsular California. The right-lateral returnmore » of the peninsula began during the Late Cretaceous. The fault systems for the return motion cannot lie west of the Gulf of California, and thus, neither can the earlier left-lateral fault.« less
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Cretaceous facies types and subsidence history have been studied along two well outcropping and almost complete transversals through the Tellian units of the Mesozoic North African margin, the Western Rif (Morocco), and the Babors (Algeria). Sedimentologic observations and characteristic foraminiferal assemblages enabled estimates for Late Cretaceous paleobathymetries. Both palinspastic reconstruction and sedimentologic and biofacies analyses led to the following results. (1) The morphology and evolution of the Cretaceous North African margin, which in general represents a classic passive continental margin, were complicated by various factors such as Late Cretaceous compressional and lateral movements, the onset of (tectonically controlled ) diapirism, and the existence of intramarginal highs and basins. (2) The Cretaceous subsidence history of both areas can be divided into four stages which are accompanied by characteristic sedimentary formations: (I) distension and subsidence of the margin (Early Cretaceous); (II) a first compressional phase with uplift and slight metamorphism in the Albian/early Cenomanian which affected mainly the northerly paleogeographic zones, accompanied by first diapiric movements and resedimentation of Triassic saliferous material; (III) a Late Cretaceous stage of subsidence (Cenomanian-Santonian); and (IV) a second compressional phase starting with the Campanian and reflected by the formation of sedimentary klippes and olistostromes. (3) Asmore » a general trend, sedimentary basins deepened from south to north during Campanian/Maastrichtian time, giving rise to a characteristic succession of bathymetric zones which have been observed on both transversals.« less
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Production from the western part of the Zagros fold and thrust belt southeastern Turkey is characterized by high-sulfur (2-3%) oils from middle Cretaceous Mardin Formation. The oils are generated from two carbonate sources, one from the middle Cretaceous passive margin sequence and one deposited as a part of the Upper Cretaceous foreland basin sequence. Both sources are associated with transgressive events coincident with two recognized Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events in Cenomanian-Turonian and Coniacian-Santonian. Geochemical markers in the oils substantiate the restricted, anoxic conditions characteristic of their source rock deposition. During the Upper Cretaceous compressional event, horsts formed buttresses to advancing oceanic thrust sheets. The oceanic thrust sheets consisted of the Karadut and Kocali formations, oceanic equivalents of the Mesozoic shelf. The middle and Upper Cretaceous source facies were rapidly and deeply buried by the tectonically thickened thrust sheets adjacent to the buttresses. Thick burial by the oceanic rocks was critical for thermal maturation of the sources. Geohistory modeling shows generation occurred during the Tertiary coincidental with tectonic activity that probably allowed oil migration to occur along new or reactivated Cretaceous faults.
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