Early detection of volcanic hazard by lidar measurement of carbon dioxide
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Keywords:
Volcanic hazards
Volcanic Gases
Volcanic gas emissions can often be interpreted as signals from deep within the Earth. The study of volcanic gases increases our understanding of how magmatic systems behave, and in some cases it can be used as a predictive tool for eruptive activity and associated hazards. Not only are we concerned with the dangers of large eruptions, but if large volumes of gas are released, the gases themselves can pose a hazard to communities surrounding a volcano.The environmental impacts of volcanic gas emissions are observed on local scales, and the significant global contribution to the atmosphere is also an area of current interest, since it relates to global climate change. As we still have much to understand about volcanic eruptions and the environmental impacts of volcanic gas emissions, scientists benefit from working together to improve instrumentation and monitoring techniques.
Volcanic Gases
Volcanic hazards
Volcanology
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Volcanic plumes, discharging from craters or fumaroles, are usually observed at active volcanoes. These plumes are divided into two categories from their appearance; one is a transparent invisible plume, composed of volcanic gases, and the other is a white, visible plume, containing water droplets in addition to the vapors. The difference in plume visibility is caused by changes in the conditions that control water condensation in the plume. We present a simple model describing the condition for the water condensation in the plume as a function of the exit temperature, volcanic gas composition, atmospheric temperature and humidity, and tested the model with a field observation. The result indicates that we can estimate the exit temperature from the visibility of the plume under known atmospheric conditions.
Fumarole
Panache
Volcanic Gases
Visibility
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