The Use of the Common Pb Isotope Composition of Detrital K-Feldspar Grains as a Provenance Tool and Its Application to Upper Carboniferous Paleodrainage, Northern England
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K-feldspar is a common detrital mineral in sandstones. It contains little U or Th, and hence the common Pb isotope composition of unaltered K-feldspar is that of the source rock. Pb isotope variations in igneous and metamorphic crustal rocks define broad spatial patterns that make the Pb signature of detrital K-feldspar grains a useful provenance tool. However, it is unclear how robust this signal is, and to what extent it can be modified by weathering, transport, burial diagenesis, and/or exposure to hydrothermal fluids. This study reports an evaluation of the technique, using two granite–arkose pairs (from Helmsdale, northern Scotland, and Shap, northwest England) where the composition of the detrital grains can be compared to feldspars in the granite from which they were derived. The results of this test have informed a pilot study using the Pb isotope composition of detrital K-feldspar in Upper Carboniferous fluvial sedimentary rocks of northern England to constrain the sediment routing. Pb isotope compositions have been measured using an in situ high-resolution single-grain technique that can distinguish original composition, heterogeneity, and subsequent alteration within individual sand grains. The results for the granite–arkose pairs show that the common Pb isotope signature of the detrital K-feldspar grains matches the in situ feldspars in the source granites. The signal is independent of grain size (medium-grained sand to granules), but alteration along a paleo-regolith at Helmsdale has resulted in perturbations in Pb composition and an increase in the errors on the analyses. The application of the technique to arkosic Carboniferous (Serpukhovian–Bashkirian) Millstone Grit Group sandstones in the Pennine Basin reveals two discrete populations of K-feldspars that cannot be distinguished petrographically. Matching of the compositions to potential sourcelands to the north and northeast of the basin suggest a far-traveled (> 500 km) source of K-feldspar from the Archean–Paleoproterozoic Lewisian rocks of northwest Scotland or their extension to the north, but also an equally important proximal source emanating from the Southern Uplands Belt of Scotland in what would have been the lower part of the hinterland drainage basin of the Millstone Grit.Jimushaer sag is the main Oil and Gas unit in the eastern part of Junggar Basin,it shows good exploration prospect in Carboniferous formation by accessing to industrial oil flow of well Ji15,We can find a clear overlap and trunction featrues by the detailed study of the seismic reflection characteristics of the Carboniferous in the area,and those characteristic can be carried out a very good comparison that used for strata correlation of the Carboniferous in the area.Based on the above,we classify the Bashan Formation in Upper Carboniferous and Low Carboniferous,then we divide the tectonic units of Carboniferous in the area.These results will play an important role in the exploration of Carboniferous
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WITH the exception of the Catalogue of Fossil Cephalopoda by Foord in the British Museum (Natural History) and the same author's monograph Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland , the bibliography of this family as represented in Carboniferous time is scattered through many volumes and publications. Not one of the publications makes any attempt to define the precise horizon in the Carboniferous Series at which any one of the species occurs, or indicates its persistence in geological time.
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Coal measures
Rank (graph theory)
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The following species of Modiola is common to the Carboniferous Limestone series of England and Scotland, and appears to have been hitherto undescribed from them, although it may, perhaps, be identical with an American Sub-carboniferous species.
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This family, which has been termed Orthidœ by some authors, comprises several genera and subgenera, of which Strophomena, Streptorhynchus , and Orthis alone have been found represented in Scottish Carboniferous strata. The genus Orthis forms a well characterized group, especially specifically numerous and abundant in the Silurian and Devonian systems, is considerably reduced during the Carboniferous period to appear no longer (P) in subsequent stages. Two species alone have been hitherto discovered in the Carboniferous rocks of Scotland.
Devonian
Subgenus
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Conodont
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Qaidam Basin is rich in oil and gas resources.Its exploration layer in North,west and east part is Jurassic,Paleogene,Neogene and Quaternary respectively.As the research progress and drilling success of Carboniferous in North Xinjiang,Carboniferous has become into a very important exploration layer in the West of China.And Carboniferous also attracts many attentions of explorationists in Qaidam Basin.Field survey shows that Carboniferous is the potential source rocks in Qaidam Basin.Gravity,magnetic and electric data obtained in the past 10 years in the Qaidam Basin and its surrounding places were full used to determine the distribution of the Carboniferous.All these data were interpreted,inverted and synthetically studied directing towards carboniferous.The result gives the distribution characteristics of Carboniferous and its oil and gas exploration target in Qaidam.
Paleogene
Neogene
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