Comparison of sediment energy-texture relationships in marine and lacustrine environments
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Silt
Texture (cosmology)
An integrated study of sediments was conducted to examine the facies architecture and depositional environment of the Cretaceous Pab Formation, Rakhi Gorge, and Suleiman Ranges, Pakistan. This research focused on analyzing architectural elements and facies, which are not commonly studied in sedimentary basins in Pakistan. To identify lithofacies, outcrop analysis and section measurement were performed. The identified lithofacies were then categorized based on their depositional characteristics and facies associations, with a total of nine types identified within a stratigraphic thickness of approximately 480 m. These facies were mainly indicative of high-energy environments, although the specifics varied by location. Sedimentary structures such as planar and trough crossbedding, lamination, nodularity, load-casts, and fossil traces were found within these facies, indicating high-energy environments with a few exceptions in calm environments. The identified facies were grouped into seven architectural elements according to their depositional environments: delta-dominated elements, including laminated shale sheet elements (LS), fine sandstone elements (SF), planar cross-bedded sandstone elements (SCp), trace sandstone elements (ST), and paleosol elements (Pa); and river-dominated elements, including trough cross-bedded sandstone elements (SCt), channel deposit elements (CH), and paleosol elements (Pa). These architectural elements, along with their vertical and lateral relationships, indicate a transitional fluvio-deltaic environment within the Pab Formation. In conclusion, by interpreting facies and architectural elements, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the depositional history of the formation and the distribution of reservoir units.
Outcrop
Trough (economics)
Lamination
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Research areas were located in the west of Kolok Nan Tuo Village. Geographically this area is located at coordinates 00 ° 36'57,85 '' - 00 ° 37'56,89 '' latitude and 100 ° 42'10,08 '' 100 ° 43'47,28 " BT. The methods used in research is geological mapping. Based on the results of stratigraphic research area is divided into three units consist of: Crystalline Limestone Unit (SBGK) consisting Crystalline Limestone of and mudstone lithofacies, Conglomerate Units (SK) consists of polymic conglomerate and sandstones greywacke lithofacies while claystone Unit (SBL) lithofacies consists of claystone with sedimentary structures is flake. Result of research can interpreted Depositional environment based on type of lithofacies include of grain size, sedimentary structures and content of fossils. SBGK interpretated depositional environment is a basement of basin, SK depositional environment debris unit limestones can be seen from fragments of conglomerates that many there are crystalline limestones and mudstone that make up the alluvial fan (deposition surface) and lithologies clay from sedimentary structures where rock mudstone generally in doposition the current flow that quiet can form sedimentary structures flake and properties of claystone which carbonated an identifier depositional environments sea so can be determined that the environment in the form of neritic environment.
Conglomerate
Lithology
Basement
Stratigraphic unit
Alluvial fan
Deposition
Outcrop
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All the units of waterlain, sorted gravel and sand repeatedly show suites of sedimentary structures that indicate deposition under broadly similar fluviatile conditions throughout the area. It is therefore possible, in general terms, to discuss the sedimentary sequences of deposits together.
Deposition
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Paleogene
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A study of sediment dynamics has been conducted on the Tarakan sub-basin, North Kalimantan, Indonesia using multivariate analysis. Multivariate statistical techniques can be used to determine sediment with similar characteristics and be a good proxy to recognize sedimentary facies and depositional environment. These methods have been applied to characterize the sedimentary facies at Tarakan sub-basin. A total of 23 samples were taken from several locations on the different depths of 56–2554 m that represent varieties of environment. The study is interpreted using compositional data analysis associated with a grain size trend analysis (GSTA), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA). The GSTA value showed the dominance of poorly sorted silt indicating that the sediment is mostly deposited in low-energy depositional. The CA and the PCA determined three distinct sedimentary facies: shelf facies, upper bathyal facies, and lower bathyal facies. The facies were grouped as similar sediment and depositional environment. Sedimentological variables applied in the characterization were described to be an important tool for the interpretation of depositional environments – indirectly showing hydrodynamic energy.
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On the basis of predecessors' work and having done a lot of field and laboratory work, the author will deal with the features of lithofacies palaeogeography of Tongzi Age in this paper. According to the features of vertical and horizontal distributions of biological associations and depositional rock associations, the lithofacies palaeogeography pattern of Tongzi Age in Guizhou and its adjacent areas can be divided into following depositional systems and facies:
Ⅰ. The depositional system of epicontinental clastic littoral: littoral fades and offshore facies.
Ⅱ. The depositional system of carbonate platforms: restricted marine platform facies, opening marine platform fades, semi-restricted marine platform facies and platform marginal interclastic beach facies.
Ⅲ. The depositional system of semi-deep sea and deep sea basins: semi-deep sea basin facies and deep sea basin facies.
This special pattern of lithofacies palaeogeography was gradually formed from early to late and from east to west under the sedimentary condition that marine space was expanded and old land was reduced.
Palaeogeography
Carbonate platform
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Panda Valley consists of a thick pile of sediments in which there are three distinct Porcellanite horizons, Lower Porcellanite (LP), Middle Porcellanite (MP) and Upper Porcellanite (UP), with abundant sedimentary structures. The principle types of sedimentary structures noted in the Porcellanite Formation are discussed and an attempt has been made to interpret its depositional environment. The sedimentary structures are suggestive of deposition of sediments in low to moderately high energy, shallow to moderately deep waters in moderately stable tectonic environment.
Deposition
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Primary depositional structures are important parameters that can provide the means of unraveling the processes and process responses in sedimentary depositional settings. This paper is aimed at determining the paleoenvironment of the Upper Bima Member in Fufore and environs using the primary depositional structures. This research was carried out in two phases which involved fieldwork that dealt with logging the outcrops sections and desk work whereby the logged sections and other field data are digitized, remodeled and analyzed using relevant computer programs. The result of the study shows that the Upper Bima Member is composed of five lithofacies succession; trough cross-bedded sandstone facies (St), planar cross-bedded sandstone facies (Sp), horizontal bedded sandstone facies (Sh), ripple cross-laminated sandstone facies (Sr), and mudstone facies (Fm). These lithofacies gave rise to two facies associations; sand dominated and fine-grained facies dominated facies association. The cross-stratified facies show an overall paleocurrent trend in the NW direction. These facies succession represent both shallow perennial and ephemeral sand-bed in a braided river depositional environment.
Paleocurrent
Trough (economics)
Outcrop
Lithology
Ephemeral key
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