Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of tetrapod footprints from the rotliegend (lower permian) of central Europe
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The ichnological study of the Hawaz Formation evidence the existence of an important correlation between lithofacies associations and trace fossil assemblages. Recognized ichnoassemblages can be linked to two archetypal Ichnofacies: Skolithos and Cruziana. The first is represented by strogly bioturbated sandstones with Skolithos, a vertical dwelling burrow od a suspension-feeder. These piperocks characterize persistent high-energy settings, such as those found in shoreface or inner platform setting. In contrast, the Cruziana ichnofacies is constituted by horizontal locomotion, feeding or resting trace, mostly produced by deposit-feeders. The most abundant trace fossils are Cruziana, Rusophycus and Artrophycus. This Ichnofacies is found in hetherolitic facies corresponding to lower-energy shallow subtidal setting. The incorporation of ichnological data to sedimentological analysis demonstrates to be a powerful tool in paleoenvironmental interpretation of depositional settings.
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Abstract A quantitative study of trace fossil abundance in the Middle Eocene deep‐marine clastic systems, Ainsa‐Jaca basin, Spanish Pyrenees, shows that they are powerful discriminators of submarine fan and related environments. Sixteen fan and related environments are recognized from upper‐slope gully to the distal basin‐floor. For each environment, the degree of bioturbation (density), trace‐fossil diversity, number of pre‐depositional and post‐depositional trace fossils, as well as the number of graphoglyptid ichnospecies were quantified. In the more laterally confined and channel‐dominated Ainsa basin, there is a trend of increasing bioturbation intensity and trace‐fossil diversity away from channel‐axis to off‐axis environments. In the more unconfined and distal Jaca basin, there is a trend of increasing trace‐fossil diversity and number of pre‐depositional trace fossils including graphoglyptids from the channel‐lobe transition to the fan‐fringe. The trace‐fossil assemblages of the Ainsa‐Jaca basin are characteristic of a number of sub‐ichnofacies of the Nereites ichnofacies. In the distal Jaca basin, the Paleodictyon sub‐ichnofacies occurs in the lobe‐fringe and fan‐fringe, whereas the distal basin‐floor has a trace‐fossil assemblage typical of the Paleodictyon sub‐ichnofacies, but with a high proportion of post‐depositional fodinichnia . Trace‐fossil assemblages of proximal basin, axial, environments are characteristic of the Ophiomorpha rudis sub‐ichnofacies, whilst proximal off‐axis environments, have a mixed Paleodictyon‐Ophiomorpha rudis sub‐ichnofacies trace‐fossil assemblage.
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Abstract We documented tetrapod footprints from Baode, Shanxi, China identified as aff. Dimetropus. These are the first record of carboniferous tetrapods from what was the North China block, a microplate isolated from the Pangean nucleus during the Carboniferous. Keywords: ChinaShanxiCarboniferoustetrapod footprints Dimetropus ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Martin Lockley provided helpful comments on the manuscript.
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The presence of spiral trace fossils is reported for the first time from six localities in strata of the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group (Lower Permian) in South Africa. These localities are all in the northeast part of the main Karoo basin of sedimentation. The fossils arc assigned to the ichnospecies Spirodesmos archimedeus, representing the spiral trail or burrow of a deposit-feeding organism. In contrast to other reports of spiral trace fossils, the Spirodesmos traces described here were formed in a shallow-water environment. This is established on both sedimentary and ichnofacies evidence. Associated trace fossils include Skolithos, Corophioides and Siphonichnus, all of which arc members of the Skolithos ichnofacies of Scilacher. The occurrence of Spirodesmos in this ichnofacies suggests that these strata were deposited in a marine basin.
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Abstract Offshore marine deposits of hemipelagic dark-gray shales comprising the Middle Devonian Mahantango Formation have yielded the first evidence of the trace fossil Paleodictyon from Pennsylvania. Paleodictyon occurs in conjunction with a diversity of largely deposit-feeding trace fossils belonging to the Cruziana ichnofacies, and documents another example of a shallower-water occurrence of this ichnofossil in Paleozoic rocks. Keywords: Paleodictyon Mahantango FormationMiddle DevonianPennsylvania ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Pat Lynch, Chief, Resource and Research Planning Division, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, for access to study and collect specimens. I also thank Rodrigo Pellegrini, New Jersey State Museum, where the illustrated specimens are housed, and Jeffrey Shreiner, Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, for their continued support. I thank Jacob Benner and Will Heyniger. I also particularly thank Andreas Wetzel and the anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved the manuscript.
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