Magma mixing origin for the Aolunhua porphyry related to Mo–Cu mineralization, eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt
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Keywords:
Felsic
Igneous differentiation
Phenocryst
Fractional crystallization (geology)
Underplating
Melt inclusions
Abstract Hekla is an elongate volcano that lies at the intersection of the South Iceland Seismic Zone and the Eastern Volcanic Zone. We report major and trace element, oxygen isotopic, and H2O analyses on rocks, glass, melt inclusions, and minerals from almost all of the historical lavas and tephra deposits. This new dataset confirms the remarkable observation that not only are many eruptions compositionally zoned from felsic to mafic, but the extent of zoning relates directly to the length of repose since the previous eruption. Compositional data are consistent with the origin of the basaltic andesites and andesites by fractional crystallization, with no measurable crustal interaction once basaltic andesite has been produced. Although the 1104 CE Plinian rhyolite and 1158 CE dacite are also created by fractional crystallization, uranium–thorium isotopic disequilibria measured by others require that they evolved in a separate body, where magma is stored in a molten state for >104 years. Consistent trace element trends and ratios, as well as oxygenisotopic data, preclude significant crustal input into the evolving magma. The phenocryst assemblages are dominated by crystals that formed from their host melt; an exception is the 1158 CE dacite, which contains abundant crystals that formed from the 1104 CE rhyolite melt. A suite of thermobarometers indicates that most crystals formed in the lower crust at temperatures ranging from ∼1010 to 850 °C. Hekla’s unique and systematic petrological time series and geophysical activity are attributed to the unusual geometry of the magma body, which we propose to be a tabular, vertically elongate macrodike, extending from the lower to the upper crust. The vertical body is recharged with basaltic andesite magma at the end of each eruption, which then undergoes cooling and crystallization until the subsequent eruption. The entire system is supplied by a lower-crustal body of basaltic andesite, which is produced by fractional crystallization of basaltic magma in a reservoir that is thermochemically buffered to ∼1010 °C. Cooling and crystallization of recharged basaltic andesite magma in a background geothermal gradient from the lower to the shallow crust accounts for the systematic relationship between repose and composition.
Fractional crystallization (geology)
Felsic
Phenocryst
Melt inclusions
Dacite
Magma chamber
Igneous differentiation
Andesites
Silicic
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Melt inclusions
Igneous differentiation
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The Middle Eocene Toveireh plutonic body is located in the western margin of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent (CEIM). This plutonic body consists of granodiorite, syenogranite, and monzogranite compositions. Granodiorite is the most predominant rock unit, which is composed of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, hornblende, and biotite main mineral phases. The Toveireh pluton is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous (A/CNK = 0.85-1.04) and shows a calc-alkaline I-type affinity. Primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams show enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ba, Th, U) and light rare earth elements (REEs) (La/YbN = 6.8-8.24), as well as depletion of high-field strength elements (Nb, Ta, Ti, P). These rocks are characterized by unfractionated heavy REEs [(Gd/Yb)N = 1.02-1.80] and a moderate negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.39-0.77) in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns. The geochemical data suggest that the Toveireh pluton was derived from a low degree of partial melting of a mixed source, primarily of mafic and metasedimentary rock, in the middle crust by underplating of mafic magma. Geochemical and petrological features of the studied samples, such as a wide range of Mg# values (21.3-62.2, average: 35.6) and low amounts of mafic microgranular enclaves, indicated minor involvement of the mantle-derived magma components in the source and about 10% mixing with a felsic melt. Magma chamber processes, including melting, assimilation, storage and homogenization, magma mixing, and assimilation and fractional crystallization, played an important role in the magmatic evolution. The hornblende thermobarometry yielded 720 °C to 840 °C ± 23.5 °C and 0.6-1.4 ± 0.16 kbar for the granodiorites, and the biotite thermobarometry revealed 700 °C to 750 °C and 0.77-0.78 kbar for the syenogranites. The combined results suggest that the studied rocks were crystallized in shallow crustal magma chambers. The Toveireh pluton was formed by the subduction of the eastern branch of Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the CEIM during the Late Triassic to Early Tertiary.
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Underplating
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Lile
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Melt inclusions are widely believed to represent melts from which host crystals grew. Melt inclusions represent melt adjacent to growing crystals, where compositional gradients exist due to preferential incorporation or exclusion of components by the crystallizing mineral. The possibility arises, therefore, that melt in inclusions may differ significantly from melt which was more remote from growing crystals at the time the crystals grew. We have tested this possibility by analyzing 45 major, minor, and trace components in 50 to 400 (µm diameter melt inclusions in phenocrysts from the rhyolitic Bishop Tuff, California. The following observations indicate that the effects of compositional gradients on chemical compositions of melt inclusions are negligible: (1) melt inclusions in quartz and sanidine phenocrysts have indistinguishable compositions; (2) no correlation is observed between sizes of melt inclusions and their chemical compositions; (3) ten melt inclusions in four quartz phenocrysts from a single pumice clast display well-defined negative correlations between the concentrations of U and La, Ce, Ca, Mg; and (4) melt inclusions have the same major element compositions as the matrix glass and whole rocks. Melt inclusions >50 µm can, therefore, be used to represent the melt from which their host crystals grew. The most likely explanation for the negligible compositional gradients is that a modest gradient of a major component would suppress local supercooling and constrain the crystal growth rate. For components that have diffusivities greater than or similar to the major component which controls the rate of crystal growth, the effect of chemical gradients on compositions of trapped melt inclusions is likely to be negligible.
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Sanidine
Supercooling
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The Batur volcanic field (BVF), in Bali, Indonesia, underwent two successive caldera-forming eruptions that resulted in the deposition of silicic ignimbrites. The magmas erupted during and between these eruptions show a broad range of compositions from low-SiO2 andesite to high-SiO2 dacite. On the basis of their geochemistry and mineralogy these magmas may be assigned to six groups: (1) homogeneous andesites with phenocryst compositions essentially in equilibrium with the whole-rock composition; (2) remobilized crystal-rich low-SiO2 andesites with resorbed phenocrysts in equilibrium with the whole-rock composition; (3) mixed low-SiO2 dacite with a relatively large range of phenocryst compositions, with most phenocrysts slightly too evolved to be in equilibrium with the whole-rock; (4) extensively mixed low-SiO2 dacites with a very large and discontinuous range of phenocryst compositions, with most phenocrysts either more Mg-rich or more evolved than the equilibrium compositions; (5) remobilized crystal-rich low-SiO2 dacites with resorbed and euhedral phenocrysts; (6) homogeneous high-SiO2 dacites lacking evidence for magma mixing and showing narrow ranges of phenocryst compositions in equilibrium with the whole-rock composition. This range of silicic magmas is interpreted to reflect a combination of closed- and open-system fractional crystallization, magma mixing and remobilization of cumulate piles by heating. The variety of magmas erupted simultaneously during the caldera-forming eruptions suggests that the magmatic system consisted of several independent reservoirs of variable composition and degree of crystallization. The magmatic evolution of individual reservoirs varied from closed-system fractional crystallization to fully open-system evolution, thereby resulting in simultaneous production of magmas with contrasted compositions and mineralogy. Extensive emptying of the magmatic system during the caldera-forming eruptions led to successive or simultaneous eruption of several reservoirs.
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Fractional crystallization (geology)
Igneous differentiation
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Caldera
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Pyroxene
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Andesite magmatism plays a major role in continental crustal growth, but its subduction-zone origin and evolution is still a hotly debated topic. Compared with whole-rock analyses, melt inclusions (MIs) can provide important direct information on the processes of magma evolution. In this article, we synthesize data for melt inclusions hosted by phenocrysts in andesites, extracted from the GEOROC global compilation. These data show that melt inclusions entrapped by different phenocrysts have distinct compositions: olivine-hosted melt inclusions have basalt and basaltic andesite compositions, whereas melt inclusions in clinopyroxene and othopyroxene are mainly dacitic to rhyolitic. Hornblende-hosted melt inclusions have rhyolite composition. The compositions of melt inclusions entrapped by plagioclase are scattered, spanning from andesite to rhyolite. On the basis of the compositional data, we propose a mixing model for the genesis of the andesite, and a two-chamber mechanism to account for the evolution of the andesite. First, andesite melt is generated in the lower chamber by mixing of a basaltic melt derived from the mantle and emplaced in the lower crust with a felsic melt resulting from partial melting of crustal rocks. Olivine and minor plagioclase likely crystallize in the lower magma chamber. Secondly, the andesite melt ascends into the upper chamber where other phenocrysts crystallize. According to SiO2-MgO diagrams of the MIs, evolution of the andesite in the upper chamber can be subdivided into two distinct stages. The early stage (I) is characterized by a phenocrystal assemblage of clinopyroxene + othopyroxene + plagioclase, whereas the late stage (II) is dominated by crystallization of plagioclase + hornblende.
Phenocryst
Melt inclusions
Andesites
Igneous differentiation
Basaltic andesite
Felsic
Magma chamber
Fractional crystallization (geology)
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Pumice
Melt inclusions
Igneous differentiation
Silicic
Magma chamber
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Trachyte
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