A rootless suture and the loss of the roots of a mountain chain: The Variscan belt of NW Iberia
José R. Martı́nez CatalánRicardo ArenasJacobo AbatiSonia Sánchez Martı́nezFlorentino Díaz GarcíaJavier Fernández‐SuárezP. González CuadraPedro CastiñeirasJuan Gómez BarreiroAlejandro Díez MontesEmílio González ClavijoFrancisco J. Rubio PascualPilar AndonaeguiTeresa E. JeffriesJames E. AlcockRubén Díez FernándezAlicia López-Carmona
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Devonian
Late Devonian extinction
Ordovician conodont collections from several Argentinian basins including the Eastern Cordillera, Famatina and Precordillera allow recognition of a group of conodonts that comprise a new genus here named Condorodus n. gen. Species of this genus have an apparatus composed of six elements recovered so far: Pa, Pb, Sb1, Sb2, Sc and Sd. The differences mainly between the P elements support recognizing three species, from the older to younger: C. diablensis n. gen., n. sp., C. gracielae n. gen., n. sp. and C. chilcaensis n. gen., n. sp., that appeared in the upper Floian (Lower Ordovician) and vanished in middle Darriwilian time (Middle Ordovician). The Eastern Cordillera is here assumed as the place of origin of the Condorodus n. gen. lineage during the late Floian, and then this genus dispersed through the western margin of Gondwana, reaching the Precordillera in the early Darriwilian, from there it could have dispersed to different regions of Gondwana, Perigondwana and Laurentia during the late Darriwilian, and probably give rise to conodont apparatuses of similar morphology in the Late Ordovician.
Conodont
Laurentia
Baltica
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Panderodus nogamii LEE, (formerly Scolopodus nogamii), first described from North Korea, occurs also in the Lower Ordovician of Thailand, Malaysia, North and South China, Australia and Argentina. It ranged through the Middle and early Upper Ordovician and was restricted to shallow water carbonates in tropical to subtropical palaeolatitudes of Greater Gondwana. Its distribution is similar to that of the Ordovician gastropod Peelerophon oehlerti and the Ordovician trilobite Asaphopsoides sp.
Conodont
Trilobite
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The family Harknessellidae Bancroft, 1928 (Orthida, Dalmanellidina) was designed to embrace an assemblage of species referred previously to Harknessella Reed, 1917, and included five genera known mainly from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of England.Herein, we suggest reassigning to this family the genus Cacemia Mitchell, 1974, widespread in the middle Darriwilian (upper Middle Ordovician) of the Iberian and Armorican massifs.Since its designation, Cacemia was placed among the dalmanellidin heterorthids, in spite of its strongly mucronate hinge line, which is totally unknown within this Mediterranean family.A new harknessellid has been identified from the upper Darriwilian beds of the Central Iberian Zone (Central Spain): Isabelella fascicostellata Reyes-Abril & Villas gen.et sp.nov.It is similar to Horderleyella Bancroft, 1928 for its coarsely fascicostellate radial ornamentation and obtuse cardinal angles, although its convexoplane to convexoconcave profile allows discrimination from the typically dorsibiconvex Horderleyella.A phylogenetic analysis of the family places both Cacemia and Isabelella in basal positions of their clades, which fits with their early stratigraphic record.Based on our study, the family Harknessellidae appears to have originated in the high latitude Mediterranean margins of Gondwana during pre-Darriwilian times, before the detachment of Avalonia from Gondwana.The family reached its highest diversification in Avalonia throughout the Late Ordovician, keeping connections with the Mediterranean and Proto-Andean margins of Gondwana, as well as with the mid-latitude palaeocontinents of Baltica and South China.
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Late Ordovician-early Silurian chitinozoans from the Upper Member of the Salar del Rincón Formation of northwestern Argentina are described.The study area belongs to the Central Andean Basin situated on the western Gondwana margin during the Early Palaeozoic.Chitinozoan assemblages correlate with those from Northern Gondwana, where the effects of the glacial and postglacial events that occurred around the Ordovician-Silurian boundary, are quite welldocumented.The recovered chitinozoan associations from the upper part of the Salar del Rincón Formation record the uppermost Ordovician-lowest Silurian deposits representing the postglacial stage of the late Hirnantian glaciation.Similar strata are usually absent in other parts of the Central Andean Basin.Tasmanites tzadiaensis is recovered for the first time outside of the northeast of Africa, supporting the northern Gondwana affinities.Associated land-derived components indicate a nearshore environment with terrestrial input.The other associated palynomorphs support the latest Hirnantian-earliest Rhuddanian postglacial stage correlation, as well.The ranges of several Late Ordovicianearly Silurian Spinachitina and Cyathochitina species are discussed in terms of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary.Five new species are formally described: Spinachitina titae sp.
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Abstract: Lower Ordovician faunas of Bohemia (Perunica), Baltica and North China include the oldest known representatives of the Order Craniida, but otherwise in Gondwana and associated terranes, the record of craniides is sparse. Pseudocrania insperata sp. nov. from the Lashkarak Formation of the Eastern Alborz Mountains is the first and as yet only record of the occurrence of craniides in the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) of Iran and temperate to high latitude peri‐Gondwana. Pseudocrania was known hitherto only from the Middle Ordovician of Baltoscandia and the Chu‐Ili terrane of Kazakhstan.
Baltica
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Prosopiscus is particularly important in Ordovician palaeobiogeography because of its wide geographic distribution in Gondwana and peri-Gondwanan regions. It appears to have been confined to low palaeolatitudes, representing a characteristic member of the warm water eastern Gondwanan shelf faunas. Trends in the distribution of the Ordovician genus can be observed due to its long stratigraphic range. Prosopiscus was restricted to, and may have originated in, Australia during the late Early Ordovician (Bendigonian-Chewtonian). By the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian), Prosopiscus had dispersed to other parts of Gondwana and peri-Gondwana, including the North and South China blocks, Tarim, central Himalayas, and the Argentine Precordillera (South America). Possible explanations for the distribution of Prosopiscus are that: (1) there were no oceanic barriers preventing dispersal of trilobites between different regions of Gondwana, thus permitting uninhibited migration over vast distances; (2) Prosopiscus was not restricted to a specific biofacies; (3) a major eustatic transgression during the early Darriwilian may have facilitated the dispersal of Prosopiscus in allowing further development and expansion of marine environments; and (4) a prolonged planktonic larval stage may have permitted wide dispersal. Prosopiscus lauriei sp. nov. is described from the late Early Ordovician (Bendigonian-Chewtonian) Tabita Formation at Mount Arrowsmith, northwestern New South Wales, Australia. The new species is closely related to P. praecox, from the Nora Formation, Georgina Basin, central Australia, and to P. magicus from northwest China.
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Laurentia
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Reconstruction of the facies architecture and geometries of the Cambrian–Ordovician succession in the Central Andes of southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina reveals a tripartite basin history that closely corresponds to interpretations of regional plate tectonic movements. The analysis of basin deposits enabled tracing and timing of movements of the Arequipa-Antofalla terrane, which initiated, fed, and terminated a basin between the terrane and Gondwana during the early Paleozoic. Tectonic movements started in the Cambrian and led to the formation of an extensional basin. Stretching was more pronounced in southern Bolivia than in northwestern Argentina, resulting in widening of the basin to...
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