Geological History of the Southern Margin of the West Netherlands Basin - The Geothermal Energy Perspective
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Summary The Dutch Westland area, situated in the onshore part of the West Netherlands Basin, is of interest for geothermal energy exploration because good geothermal reservoirs are present in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous deposits, and a high demand for hot water exists from the numerous greenhouses in the area. This study aimed to provide a better regional understanding of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous tectonic history of the West Netherlands Basin, in particular regarding reservoir distribution and the possible influence of early tectonic structures on the deposition of reservoir sands. In addition, detailed knowledge of the fault pattern is important for the placement of geothermal wells. Detailed seismic mapping combined with stratigraphic cross-sections enabled a study of the distribution and development of geothermal reservoirs within the Alblasserdam, Delft Sandstone and the Berkel Sandstone Members. By flattening seismic cross-sections at several mapped horizons, the pre-inversion geometry of the basin was reconstructed. In addition, seismic attribute analyses have significantly improved the mapping of the faults and may illustrate depositional patterns within the Berkel Sandstone Member. The revealed tectonic history and reservoir distribution aid to accurately plan and execute geothermal wells.Keywords:
Geothermal exploration
Geothermal gradient anomaly studies and subsurface temperature mapping play an important role in the estimation of heat flow sources and patterns, and also make a fundamental contribution in the field of geothermal physics, especially methods for geothermal energy exploration. The purpose of this study is to measure and mapping the temperature distribution in several subsurface layers in the manifestation of geothermal warm ground and steaming ground, and analyze the geothermal subsurface gradient, to determine the heat source zone, and the pattern and direction of heat flow from subsurface to surface in Hydrothermal area of Minahasa Indonesia. The method used is direct measurement in the field. To determine the coordinates of geothermal manifestations and location mapping, using remote sensing techniques. The results showed that the temperature gradient under the manifestation of geothermal energy increased with increasing depth. The pattern of heat flow in the warm ground manifestation is perpendicular from shallow depths to the surface, while the heat flow pattern under the steaming ground manifestation tends to spread towards the North-East.
Temperature Gradient
Geothermal heating
Geothermal exploration
Heat flow
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Magnetotellurics
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Hydrocarbon exploration
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Except for the steam-dominated geothermal field at Geysers, Calif., the use of geothermal energy in the US has been minimal. We have been so preoccupied with searching for the high temperature resources (above 350 F), for generating electricity, that we have largely ignored the greatest potential for geothermal energy, that at temperatures below 150 C (300 F). These waters are much more abundant than the higher temperature ones, and, therefore, represent 10 or more times as much useable energy than the total of the energy in all the high temperature waters. The problems have, in part, been technological—how to economically convert these lower temperature geothermal waters to useful energy—and in part institutional. This paper describes the last five year’s program, largely centered at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, to make it more practical and economical to harness the lower temperature geothermal resources.
Geothermal heating
Geothermal desalination
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