Effects of CO2 on benthic biota: An in situ benthic chamber experiment in Storfjorden (Norway)
Hiroshi IshidaL. GolmenL. J. WestMartin KrügerP. CoombsJohn Arthur BergeTastuo FukuharaMichimasa MagiJun Kita
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Biota
Seabed
Benthos
Abstract Toxicity‐based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) are often used to assess the potential of sediment contamination to adversely affect benthic macrofauna, yet the correspondence of these guidelines to benthic community condition is poorly documented. This study compares the performance of 5 toxicity‐based SQG approaches to a new benthos‐based SQG approach relative to changes in benthic community condition. Four of the toxicity‐based SQG approaches—effects range median, logistic regression modeling (LRM), sediment quality guideline quotient 1 (SQGQ1), and consensus—were derived in previous national studies in the United States, and one was developed as a regional variation of LRM calibrated to California data. The new benthos‐based SQG approach, chemical score index, was derived from Southern California benthic community data. The chemical‐specific guidelines for each approach were applied to matched chemical concentration, amphipod mortality, and benthic macrofauna abundance data for Southern California. Respective results for each SQG approach were then combined into a summary metric describing the overall contamination magnitude (e.g., mean quotient) and assessed in accordance with a set of thresholds in order to classify stations into 4 categories of expected biological effect. Results for each SQG approach were significantly correlated with changes in sediment toxicity and benthic community condition. Cumulative frequency plots and effect category thresholds for toxicity and benthic community condition were similar, indicating that both types of effect measures had similar sensitivity and specificity of response to contamination level. In terms of discriminating among multiple levels of benthic community condition, the toxicity‐based SQG indices illustrated moderate capabilities, similar to those for multiple levels of toxicity. The National LRM, California LRM, and the chemical score index had the highest overall agreement with benthic categories. However, only the benthos‐based chemical score index was consistently among the highest performing SQG indices for all measures of association (correlation, percent agreement, and weighted kappa) for both toxicity and benthos. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 610–624. © 2011 SETAC
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Mainland
Benthos
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Abstract We assessed whether taxonomic structure and density of aquatic drift could be predicted from the benthos in three New Zealand rivers. The three main orders contributing to both the benthos and drift were Ephemeroptera, Diptera, and Trichoptera. Drift and benthic densities for all taxa and all rivers combined were not significantly correlated (adults inclusive and exclusive). There were significant positive correlations between benthic and drift densities for the three main drifting orders—Ephemeroptera, Diptera, and Trichoptera when data from all rivers were combined. However, these relationships were not always detected in individual rivers. The propensity for Deleatidium to drift was negatively related to chlorophyll a concentration; suggesting density‐dependent drift mediated by food limitation. Drift was reduced when periphyton chlorophyll a concentration was high in relation to benthic Deleatidium density. This highlights an unexpected effect of periphyton proliferation on invertebrate drift and drift‐feeding fishes. Despite finding some correlations between benthic and drifting communities, defining general relationships between benthic and drifting communities is challenging given the complexity of density‐dependent and density‐independent mechanisms that influence invertebrate drift.
Periphyton
Benthos
Baetidae
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Benthos term was coined by Haeckel in 1891 which means “depth of the sea”. Thus, benthos in marine science refers to the organisms which are at the bottom of the freshwater bodies such as rivers, lakes and streams. It consists of the life forms that live on, in or near the river, lake, seabed or the bottom of the steam, known as benthic zone. Benthic organism can be classified on basis of size (Macrobenthos, Meiobenthos and Microbenthos); type (Zoobenthos and Phytobenthos) and location (Endobenthos, Epibenthos and Hyperbentho).
Benthos
Macrobenthos
Seabed
Meiobenthos
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During the Phanerozoic, the diversity of immobile suspension feeders living on the surface of soft substrata (ISOSS) declined significantly. Immobile taxa on hard surfaces and mobile taxa diversified. Extinction rates of ISOSS were significantly greater than in other benthos. These changes in the structure of benthic communities are attributed to increased biological disturbance of the sediment (bioturbation) by diversifying deposit feeders.
Bioturbation
Benthos
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Detritivore
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The planktobenthos is an important area with unique environmental conditions that represents the immediate link between the benthos and the water column, yet it has never been deliberately sampled concurrently with the benthos. We have developed a new sampling method to allow concurrent collection of benthic and planktobenthic specimens. The Mounted Assembly for Planktobenthic Sampling (MAPS) uses a novel trilayered net with a seafloor‐triggered opening and closing mechanism attached to an epibenthic sled. The MAPS was deployed on the Carnarvon Shelf off Western Australia and was successful at separately sampling both benthic and planktobenthic fauna. A wide variety of epibenthic and infaunal animals were collected from the sled, and planktobenthic animals such as mysids were identified from all three nets. The trilayered net was particularly effective at collecting a broad range of planktobenthic organisms, including smaller fragile larvae and adults that may have otherwise been destroyed during collection in a single net or grab. The number of species in planktobenthic and benthic samples was correlated, although the strength and significance of this relationship varied among taxonomic groups, suggesting that rich benthic assemblages are linked to rich planktobenthic assemblages. Importantly, the MAPS is a value‐adding method, collecting two sample sets for the cost of one, and can be modified for use on a wide variety of benthic sleds to target a range of organisms. The concurrent collection of planktobenthic and benthic biota will contribute to a range of research areas, including larval ecology, nutrient cycling, and surrogacy research for habitat mapping.
Benthos
Biota
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