Recharge and discharge controls on groundwater travel times and flow paths to production wells for the Ammer catchment in southwestern Germany
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Recently numerical modeling of groundwater age has become a new direction in groundwater research because groundwater age in a particular aquifer records the history of different periods of groundwater advection,dispersion and hydrodynamic mixing.Under steady flow conditions,assuming the same groundwater recharge,runoff and drainage,the groundwater flow and age distributions are demonstrated in this study through a synthetic application with the different heterogeneities.The results indicate that interlayers with low permeability have a positive effect for the deep regional groundwater circulation and update.Meanwhile,the results show that the groundwater dispersion plays an innegligible role in modeling groundwater age in regional-scale deep aquifers.Groundwater age modeling provides a new way for the study of groundwater circulation and sustainable use of groundwater resources on a regional scale.
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Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Occurrence of Water Underground. 1.1. Groundwater and the Global Water Cycle. 1.2. Natural Zonation of Water Underground. 1.3. Water Pressure, the Saturated Zone, Aquifers, and Aquitards. 1.4. Aquifer Properties: Effective Porosity, Permeability, Storage. 1.5. Geology of Groundwater Occurrence. 2. Sources of Groundwater: Recharge Processes. 2.1. Provenance of Groundwater. 2.2. Recharge Processes. 2.3. Movement of Water through the Unsaturated Zone. 3. Groundwater Movement. 3.1. The Force that Drives the Water through the Rocks. 3.2. Quantifying Flow Rates: Darcy's Law and Hydraulic Conductivity. 3.3. Groundwater Flow Patterns. 3.4. Quantifying the Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers. 4. Natural Groundwater Quality. 4.1. How to Read a Water Analysis. 4.2. Chemical Characteristics of Natural Groundwaters: Origins and Significance. 4.3. Displaying and Classifying Groundwater Quality. 4.4. evolution of Natural Groundwater Quality. 5. Groundwater Discharge and Catchment Hydrology. 5.1. Groundwater Discharge Features. 5.2. role of Groundwater in Generating Surface Runoff. 5.3. Estimating the Groundwater Component of Catchment Runoff. 5.4. Physical Controls on Groundwater Discharge at the Catchment Scale. 6. Groundwater and Freshwater Ecosystems. 6.1. Freshwater Ecosystems. 6.2. Groundwater-fed Wetland Ecosystems. 6.3. Fluvial Ecosystems and the Hyporheic Zone. 6.4. Groundwater Ecology. 7. Groundwater as a Resource. 7.1. Current Resource Utilization of Groundwater. 7.2. Constraints on Groundwater Utility. 7.3. Methods of Groundwater Abstraction. 7.4. Conjunctive use of Groundwaters with Surface Waters. 7.5. Groundwater as a Thermal Resource. 8. Groundwater Hazards. 8.1. Geohazards and Hydro-geohazards. 8.2. Natural Hydro-geohazards. 8.3. Hydro-geohazards Induced by Human Activities. 9. Groundwater Under Threat. 9.1. Threats to Groundwater Systems. 9.2. Depletion of Groundwater Quantity. 9.3. Degradation of Groundwater Quality. 10. Modeling Groundwater Systems. 10.1. Why Simulate Groundwater Systems?. 10.2. Conceptual Models. 10.3. Representing the Conceptual Model Mathematically. 10.4. Ways of Doing the Sums: Solving Physically Based Models. 10.5. One Step Beyond: Simulating Groundwater Quality. 10.6. Groundwater Modeling In Practice. 11. Managing Groundwater Systems. 11.1. Approaches to Groundwater Resource Management. 11.2. Towards Sustainable Groundwater Development. 11.3. Groundwater Control Measures to Mitigate Geohazards. 11.4. Preventing Groundwater Contamination. 11.5. Remediating Contaminated Groundwaters. References. Glossary. Index
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The assembly of a groundwater flow model for the shallow aquifer in Tianjin Municipality is outlined in this paper. Tianjin Municipality was selected because of its complicated hydrogeological conditions and rich data, which could be used to test a refined groundwater flow model for the shallow aquifer. When a shallow groundwater flow model is being assembled its recharge and discharge functions need to represent inflows from rainfall, irrigation return flows, seepage from rivers and reservoirs, and lateral inflows and outflows from evaporation, abstraction of groundwater for irrigation and industrial, and urban use. When abstracting groundwater, the water exchanges between a shallow aquifer and a deep aquifer also need to be considered. The real irrigation areas of Tianjin Municipality were input into the groundwater flow model, and the rivers and reservoirs were refined to the level of secondary tributaries and small scale reservoirs. The model calibration was carried out based on consideration of representative parameter values and their spatial distribution, the groundwater flow fields, the temporal variation in groundwater heads and the water balance for the years 2006–2008. It was concluded from a comparison of the observed and simulated groundwater heads that the precision of the model is high and that the simulated groundwater levels align with the real groundwater conditions. It is also concluded that the groundwater flow model for the shallow aquifer in Tianjin Municipality will be a useful tool for further studies about the relationship between shallow and deep aquifers and the surface environment.
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