Review of fluoride removal from drinking water
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Keywords:
Activated alumina
Nanofiltration
Skeletal fluorosis
Nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are becoming more popular for water purification and reuse application because they are highly efficient, easy to operate and economical.Membrane cleaning is an essential step in maintaining the performance of the membrane for longterm operation because membrane fouling is inevitable.In the past decades, some novel cleaning methods and a great deal of research on high-pressure membranes cleaning have been published.However, a comprehensive review on membrane cleaning in NF and RO membranes is still lacking.This paper reviews the recent developments of membrane cleaning including physical cleaning, chemical cleaning, and biological/biochemical cleaning.The combined cleaning and sequential cleaning process with various chemicals or biological/biochemical agents are also reviewed.A brief conclusion with some recommendations and suggestions is presented at the end of the review.
Nanofiltration
Cleaning agent
Membrane Fouling
Ultrafiltration (renal)
Osmosis
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Nanofiltration
Membrane Fouling
Produced water
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A study on a flat sheet membrane test unit for nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) with synthetic and natural waters was carried out in order to evaluate the performance of four NF/RO membranes for the removal of selected organic micro-pollutants. The influence of molecular weight and membrane material on removal efficiencies was shown. Perfluorinated compounds and X-ray contrast agents with molecular weights larger than 300 g/mol are rejected to a percentage of more than 90%. Pharmaceuticals and antibiotics show rejection values larger than 60%. For the substances with a molecular weight between 100 and 200 g/mol there is a large range of rejection values depending on the membrane type. RO membranes usually achieve higher rejection values than NF membranes. Rejection also depends on the type of organic micro-pollutant. Although NF/RO membranes do not reject substances selectively, NF/RO is a suitable treatment technology for their removal if this is desired. However, it has to be considered that water composition is changed drastically by NF/RO such that a post treatment of the permeate may be required to keep up with the drinking water standards. For full-scale application also the dosage of antiscalants has to be taken into account. In Germany there is a lively discussion about the discharge of concentrates when authorities have to decide on the realization of NF/RO plants.
Nanofiltration
Membrane Technology
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Citations (38)