The protracted Permo-Triassic crisis and multi-episode extinction around the Permian–Triassic boundary
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Early Triassic
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
Conodont
Early Triassic
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
Conodont
Early Triassic
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
Early Triassic
Mercury
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A regional field study of ichnocoenoses in the Griesbachian Dinwoody Formation and the Smithian Sinbad Limestone Member revealed that benthic invertebrate tracemaking populations exhibited aspects of opportunistic behaviour following the end-Permian mass extinction. This study represents the first documentation of population strategies of ichnocoenoses following a mass extinction event. These trace fossil assemblages are characterised by low-to-moderate ichnodiversity, low-to-moderate bioturbation, small burrow widths, non-specialised behaviour and shallow tiering. Our data combined with other published studies indicate that various ecological characteristics of ichnocoenoses differed by environment, paleolatitude and stage through the Early Triassic. The pattern of opportunistic behaviour is likely attributed to repeated intervals of deleterious environmental conditions similar to those that caused the end-Permian mass extinction.
Permian–Triassic extinction event
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Early Triassic
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Conodont
Early Triassic
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Large igneous province
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
Early Triassic
Taphonomy
Marine invertebrates
Paleoecology
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The Permian/Triassic mass extinction plays a great role in the evolutionary history of the Earth.After that,the revolution of species was accelerated greatly.The paper summarizes simply the research results of geochemists,geologists and paleontologists in recent years,including dating of the event and several hypotheses.Especially,we described in detail the exterrestrial impact(asteroid or comet),volcanic eruption,anoxia and marine acidification,and then made a simple analysis and discussion in the significance of mass extinction.
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The Permian/Triassic mass extinction, the most devastating biotic crisis of the Phanerozoic, has aroused considerable scientific interest. However, because research has focused primarily on understanding the magnitude of diversity reduction and causal mechanisms, the nature and timing of biotic recovery in the Early Triassic are still poorly understood. Marine limestones in the Lower Triassic Moenkopi Formation, which disconformably overlies the Upper Permian of southeastern Nevada and southern Utah, provide a rare opportunity to study the aftermath of the mass extinction in shallow water carbonate environments. Two contemporaneous members of the Moenkopi record the first marine incursion from the northwest in the Early Triassic (Smithian), the very sparsely fossiliferous marginal marine Schnabkaib Member in Nevada and southwest Utah, and the Sinbad Limestone in central-southern Utah, a marine unit dominated by amalgamated and condensed fossil-rich beds. The Virgin Limestone member was deposited during a subsequent (Spathian) Early Triassic sea level rise, about 4-5 Ma following the Permian/Triassic boundary, and includes nearshore and inner shelf limestones characterized by fossiliferous storm beds. Because the fossiliferous limestones of the Smithian Sinbad and the Spathian Virgin were deposited in similar shallow subtidal settings, they provide an opportunity to compare and contrast the status of biotic rebound at different points along an Early Triassic “time transect.” Analysis of bulk samples reveals that the older Sinbad and younger Virgin are similar in each possessing 2-3 different benthic marine paleocommunities of low within-habitat species richness. There are, however, several important differences between the Sinbad and Virgin faunas. The richly fossiliferous Sinbad assemblages are primarily molluscan, composed of approximately 2-8 species of bivalves, which may or may not be accompanied by ammonoids and 0-11 species of gastropods. Small spines, possibly belonging to an echinoid, are numerous in some samples. Although bivalves are also abundant in Virgin Limestone assemblages, fossils of other higher taxa are well-represented, including abundant crinoid ossicles, common brachiopods, echinoid spines and plates, and rare ammonoids and gastropods. Sinbad faunas also appear to lack epibionts and borers, while they are present but not abundant in the Virgin. The addition from Sinbad to Virgin times of groups other than molluscs, with different life habits and strategies, most likely led to an increase in spatial partitioning and resource utilization, in particular the development of epifaunal tiering with the appearance of stalked crinoids in the Virgin. This pattern of earliest Triassic community dominance by molluscs followed by later more “Paleozoic-like” communities has been observed in other regions. Earliest Triassic paucity of epibionts and borers indicates significant reduction in the biotic component of taphonomic processes, including taphonomic feedback, when compared with other time intervals. Data from these Early Triassic assemblages thus indicate the initiation of both an evolutionary and an ecological rebound between Sinbad (Smithian) and Virgin (Spathian) times.
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Early Triassic
Permian–Triassic extinction event
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Extinction (optical mineralogy)
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