Plankton and productivity during the Permian–Triassic boundary crisis: An analysis of organic carbon fluxes
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Carbon fibers
Primary productivity
Stratotype
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As the Permian was initially established on the Russian Platform, the sequence of Permian stages with type sections on the platform is traditionally considered as the standard and has served to define the Permian. Consequently, the upper boundary of the Tatarian on the Russian Platform should, by definition, be considered as the upper boundary of the Permian. Because of difficulties in correlation between the Russian Platform and other regions (Western Europe, Tethys, China, and Gondwana), for the deposits in these latter regions that were believed to be of Permian age and to correspond to Tatarian, the agreement could be considered only approximate. Modern data on miospores, vertebrates, conchostracans, and paleomagnetism have permitted more precise correlations and indicate a much lower position of the Tatarian equivalents in these sequences than was previously considered. Siberia is probably the only region where the rejuvenation of the Tatarian occurs. An interval has been revealed between the Permian and Triassic, the duration of which corresponds approximately to the two stages but which cannot be assigned to either stage. The solution of this problem must either markedly lower the Permian/Triassic boundary in most regions of the world or require an essentially new definition of the Permian.
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Inner mongolia
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Abstract The New Zealand succession spans the full length of the Permian, and unlike that of most areas of the world, is almost entirely marine, with faunas ranging from Sakmarian to topmost ("Tatarian") Permian. The Lower Permian is correlated by brachiopods, bivalves and gastropods with faunas of Queensland and New South Wales, and the Upper Permian by brachiopods, an ammonoid, and fusulinids with Tethyan sequences of south and east Asia.
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Abstract The Rai Sandstone contains a bivalve species allied to Aphanaia otamaensis Waterhouse, 1979 from the Waipahi Group of South Otago, and upper Takitimu Group of Southland, of Early Permian age. Previously the Rai specimens had been compared to Maitaia trechmanni Marwick of late Middle Permian age. ?Aphanaia cf. otamaensis, and gastropod ?Mourlonia impressa Waterhouse from the Croisilles Volcanics indicate that the Lee River Group as originally defined is of Early Permian age, older than the Maitai Group, of Middle and Late Permian age.
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Summary .—(1) The reptiles Gordonia, Geikia , and Elginia are shown to be slightly later than those of the Upper Permian Pariasaurus beds of Russia, or those of the equivalent Cisticephalus zone of South Africa. They therefore represent the extreme top of the Permian. (2) The remaining Elgin reptiles are Middle Triassic (? = Lettenkohle of Germany). (3) The Elgin footprints are widely distinct from Triassic forms and from those of the Lower Permian, while agreeing exactly with the group associated with the Magnesian Limestone of England. They therefore represent the extreme top of the Permian. (4) The discovery is recorded of one of the typical footprints in close proximity with the Permian reptile quarry. (5) The Permian rocks occupy the west of the ‘Triassic’ area, the true Trias the east. (6) It is suggested that the area was a landsurface during Permian and Triassic times.
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Early Triassic
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