Three new early Namurian (E 1c -E 2a ) marine bands in central and northern England, UK, and their bearing on correlations with the Askrigg Block
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Abstract:
SUMMARY Three new marine bands are recognized in the exceptionally thick Lower Namurian succession of the northern part of the Central Pennine Basin, namely the Blacko (late Pendleian), Cravenoceras gressinghamense (early Arnsbergian) and Saleswheel (early Arnsbergian) marine bands. The stratotype of the Blacko Marine Band (E 1c 2) is within delta-slope siltstone and sandstone of the Surgill Shale Member at the top of the turbiditic Pendle Grit Formation of the Blacko Borehole (near Colne). It comprises marginal marine siltstone and contains the bivalve Sanguinolites. The band is correlated with a bivalve-spat phase in the Widmerpool Gulf, and a Lingula band lying within the delta-top Grassington Grit Formation on the south-eastern part of the Askrigg Block. The Cravenoceras gressinghamense Marine Band (E 2a 2α) succeeds the Eumorphoceras ferrimontanum Marine Band (E 2a 2) in the Roeburndale and Sabden Shale formations. At its type locality, along Gressingham Beck, Hornby, near Lancaster, it has yielded the new name-bearing ammonoid. It also contains the lowest appearance of Selenimyalina variabilis (Hind) and is characterized by the presence of Posidonia lamellosa (de Koninck). In the Widmerpool Gulf, the band is represented by the Posidonia phase at two stratigraphical levels. The Saleswheel Marine Band (E 2a 2β) lies between the C. gressinghamense and Eumorphoceras yatesae (E2 a 3) marine bands. Its type locality is in the lower part of the Sabden Shale Formation at Ribchester, near Blackburn, where it contains Anthracoceras. The marine band thickens dramatically towards the Lancaster district into siltstone beds of the Close Hill Siltstone Member containing a Sanguinolites -dominated faunal phase. In the Widmerpool Gulf it is represented by a Lingula band. The dramatic thickness and facies changes of early Namurian marine bands across the Central Pennine Basin and on to the Askrigg Block appear to be controlled primarily by proximity to sediment supply, availability of accommodation space, and the duration, rate and amplitude of glacio-eustatic marine flooding events. A regional non-sequence is developed at the base of the Ward’s Stone Sandstone (and equivalents), associated with marked tectonic discordance. This boundary, together with the newly resolved marine band stratigraphy, necessitates lithostratigraphical revision and re-correlation of early Namurian sandstones in the northern part of the Central Pennine Basin and the Askrigg Block. One new species, Cravenoceras gressinghamense sp. nov., is described.Keywords:
Siltstone
Marine transgression
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Upper Carboniferous pebbles are known from Miocene conglomerates (Szászvár Formation) in the Mecsek Mts. Some pebbles may contain floral elements. Fine-grained siltstone is the most common fossiliferous rock. There are known leaf and stem fragments and some silicified wood-trunk fragments. These floral elements show Namurian to late Westphalian ages, but primarily the Westphalian B and C. The floral elements could be related to the Polish Carboniferous flora, particularly that of Silesia.
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Abstract A synopsis is given of the most recent developments from micropalaeontological research on the coal-bearing Upper Carboniferous (Namurian C—Westphalian C) of Westphalia. The hope is expressed that a wider use of the technique of breaking down the mudstones into mud and isolating the fossils will, in conjunction with the important palaeontological results obtained in the English coal-basins, facilitate correlation between the Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian A to C) of England and Germany; also that the same technique will enable deep borings to be correlated in greater detail.
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SUMMARY The marine fauna in Serpukhovian and Bashkirian strata (Namurian and basal Westphalian) of northern England shows changes in composition and diversity, both stratigraphically and in geographical distribution across the region. The deposits of distinct marine incursions contain characteristic assemblages of fauna, although few forms, if any, are diagnostic of individual incursions. The results of the study suggest that the depositional area formed an open channel during the marine incursions in which the benthic fauna (that comprises the majority of the recorded forms) is, in general, more prolific in the east. The faunas recorded in both block and basin sedimentary rocks are similar, suggesting that the water depth during deposition was also similar. The difference between block and basin lies in the amount of sediment deposited and the subsidence rate. The Subcrenatum Marine Band shows the most varied faunas in the west.
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In the East Midlands, volcanic activity occurs at numerous stratigraphic levels in the Carboniferous but terminates in the Westphalian A. In the Vale of Belvoir (E Midlands) the Westphalian activity is represented by a continuous lava pile (volume approximately 45 km 3 ) that interdigitates with conventional sediments to the W. This is cut by one or more periods of sill emplacement, at least one of which was later than the Westphalian A/B boundary. Conversely, in the W Midlands igneous activity was confined mostly to the emplacement of isolated sills in the Westphalian C. The E Midlands pile is composed of intimately-associated alkaline and subalkaline (tholeiitic) basalts, whereas the sills of the W Midlands are alkaline. The alkaline basalts of both areas range from basanite/basalt to hawaiite. New ultrabasic nodule localities have been recorded in the most alkaline basalts of the E Midlands.
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