Geophysical Evaluation for Evidence of Recharging the Pleistocene Aquifer at El-Nubariya Area, West Nile Delta, Egypt
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With ever increasing demands on water resources, Egypt is facing increasing water needs, demanded by a rapidly growing population, by higher standards of living and by an agricultural policys. West Nile Delta represents a new agricultural area where the reclaimed lands are irrigated with groundwater in addition to surface water. The evaluation of groundwater aquifers in West Nile Delta area requires information about the extension, depth and distribution and source of recharging these aquifers. In this work, an integrated study using geoelectric, geomagnetic, hydrogeologic and hydrochemistry investigations has been applied to evaluate groundwater aquifers and to delineate subsurface structures predominant in the basement rocks at El-Nubariya area, West Nile Delta, Egypt. Thirty-five Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) have been applied to identify the subsurface geoelctric layers predominant in the study area. As well as a detailed land magnetic survey has been carried out along the study area using two automatic proton precession magnetometers with an accuracy of 1 nT. These surveys allowed us to establish the subsurface structures and their relation with the detected aquifers. The geoelectric results are illustrated along seven geoelectric profiles and correlated with the lithologic and hydrogeologic data of drilled wells. The third geoelectric layer represents the water saturated zone (aquifer) with thickness varies from 14 m to 58 m, increasing to east and southeast directions. The hydrchemisty anlysis shows that the salinity of the water aquifer ranges from 600 ppm in the southeast to 3900 ppm in the south. The major dominant dissolved salt is Nacl. In the east and southeast, the water type becomes more NaSO4 which refers to dissolution of gypsum in addition to fertilizers. The magnetic data have been analyzed using horizontal gradient and 3D magnetic modeling along the locations of geolectric profiles. The results indicate that the fault structures are trending in E-W, NW-SE and NE-SW directions. These faults confirm the results obtained from the well geolectric interpretation. These fault structures act as recharging paths from lower brackish to upper fresh water aquifers.Keywords:
Nile delta
Vertical electrical sounding
Lithology
River delta
Abstract Hydrogeological conditions can provide information on movement and groundwater conditions, which have a significant influence on mining activities, especially underground mining. Research using geo-electric has been applied in various fields. This study aims to analyze the distribution of aquifers in the Sekotong area and provide basic planning tools to regulate underground mining in NTB Province. This study uses a geo-electric survey to assess hydrogeological conditions in underground mining by using the specific vertical electric sounding (VES) of Schlumberger array method, with 3 points (BP 01, 02, and 03). The output from the geo-electric survey shows that the apparent resistivity curve is being checked using IP2Win software. The results of this study indicate the value of the resistive type is between 3 - 25 Ωm; it can be concluded that the aquifer layer is at a depth of 1.5 m to 60 m. However, from data analysis, it was shown that the study area was formed by half of the tuff layer and cracked breccias. Therefore, below 60 m depth, it is indicated that permeable layers formed by volcanic breccia and lava are present.
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Vertical electrical sounding (VES) utilizing schlumberger electrode array was used to investigate subsurface lithology in Auchi, Edo State of Nigeria. Ten (10) VES (uniformly distributed) were conducted at four(4) different stations. The need to carry out this research became inevitable in view of the fact that subsurface lithologies are of economy importance to mankind for development for example clay which is one of the subsurface lithologies if discover can solve the problem of youth resistiveness by way of mining industries that rely solely on clay. The software, IPI2WIN which utilizes computer iteration was used to plot graph of apparent resistivity versus semi current electrodes spacing. From the results, the number of subsurface layers, their corresponding resistivities and thicknesses of each layer were obtained. The result of the VES showed the existence of the following subsurface lithologies or rock types: top soil, wetsand, clay, sandstone, and sands having resistivities from 100.0 ohm-m to 32000 ohm-m, depths in the range 0.50m- 180.0m and thicknesses in the range 0.50m-75.0m. Area of probable subsurface lithological formations and their thicknesses have been identified for economical purposes, environmental purposes, engineering purposes, especially for future, mining of industries foundation operations and drilling.
Lithology
Vertical electrical sounding
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Vertical electrical sounding
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A geophysical survey was carried out using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) adopting Schlumberger configuration in Idheze community Isoko North LGA, of Delta State. Seven Vertical Electrical Sounding were carried out with a view to study the lithology and aquifer characterization of the area. The model parameters for the whole locations show four or five distinct geoelectric layers with VES 1, 3, and 5 having four geoelectric layers while VES 2, 4 ,6 and 7 have five geo-electric layers. The four geoelectric layers have the aquiferous positions in the third layer while the five layers earth have the aquiferous positions in the fourth layer. The lithology is made of lateritic top soil, clay, sandy clay, fine sand, smooth medium sand and coarse sand. The study further shows that the seven locations have good aquifer transmissivity and Boreholes could be constructed in any of the VES locations. Location 3 has be mapped as having the best aquifer transmissivity of 251m 2 /day while VES 6 has the least with aquifer transmissivity of 161.0m 2 /day.
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Aim:The aim of the study is to delineate the subsurface geologic layers and evaluate the aquifer potential in Anyigba and its environs.Study Design: The resistivity sounding surveys were carried out randomly within the study area with half of the total surveys carried out within Anyigba town.Lithologic logging of boreholes close to the survey lo\ations were also carried out. Place and Duration of Study:The study area is Anyigba and its environs in Kogi state, central Nigeria.Field geophysical resistivity survey and borehole lithologic logging of the study area were carried out between March 2010 and December 2012.Methodology: The field resistivity sounding surveys were carried out with an ABEM SAS (1000) Terrameter using the Schlumberger electrode array.Drill cuttings from boreholes sampled at 3 meters interval were used for the identification of the subsurface lithology. Results:The results of the study reveal the presence of four to six geologic layers within the study area.The geologic layers and the mean thicknesses of the layers are: i. Lateritic top soil (1.022m), ii.Lateritic sandy layer (5.285m), iii unsaturated loosely compacted sandstone layer (9.843m), iv.unsaturated compact sandstone layer (45.8m), Short Research Articlev. partly saturated sandstone layer (26.9) and vi.A fully saturated sandstone layer.Conclusion: Four to six geologic layers have been delineated within the study area.The fifth (partly saturated sandstone) layer and the sixth (fully saturated sandstone) layer constitute the main aquifer units in the study area.
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Rock lithology modeling of flood-prone areas has been carried out using the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method in Rawa Makmur village, Bengkulu city. Field data acquisition using a stretch length of 160 with the MAE X612-EM Geoelectric tool forming a straight line. VES method, using Excel software for resistivity variations with depth and Progress lithology modeling. This research aims to determine the subsurface condition of flood-prone areas and the characteristics of rocks that make up flood-prone areas. The results of this study can be concluded that the Rawa Makmur village is dominated by sand (0,2-50 Ωm), silty sand (1-35 Ωm), gravel sand (20-150 Ωm) and clay (65-250 Ωm) at several points. VES 1, VES 2, VES 3, VES 4, VES 5, VES 8, and VES 9 have a shallow water table of 1-10 meters, close to the Rawa Makmur river and have a rock structure that is saturated with water so that it cannot absorb moisture on the surface and becomes a flood puddle. The characteristics of rocks that make up flood-prone areas are porous stones such as sand and gravel saturated with water. Sites that are not prone to flooding in the Rawa Makmur village at points VES 6 and VES 7 are dominated by the rock structure of sand (20-65 Ωm), gravel sand (100-200 Ωm), and dry gravel (100-1000 Ωm).
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Vertical electrical sounding
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Abstract Hydrogeological assessment of groundwater resources was carried out with a view to evaluate the potential of the aquifers to provide portable water supply and access the distribution of electrical parameters of hydrogeologic units in some areas in Odeda, Ogun State, Nigeria. A geophysical survey using vertical electrical sounding (VES) with the Schlumberger electrode array, with half-current electrode spacing (AB/2) varying from 1 to 132 m was carried out at 30 different stations in the study area. The VES data were interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. Three-to-five sub-surface layers consisting of topsoil, weathered layer consisting of clay, sandy clay, clayey sand and sand layers, and fractured/fresh basement were delineated. Layer resistivities and thicknesses obtained on the curves within the study area showed one main aquifer type, which is the fractured basement. The longitudinal unit conductance (ranging from 0.049720 to 1.4520000 mhos) of the study area aided the protective capacity to be rated into good, moderate and weak. About 33% of the study area falls within the weak protective capacity, 57% falls within the moderate protective capacity and 10% falls within the good protective capacity.
Vertical electrical sounding
Topsoil
Basement
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Geophysical study of lithologies attribute was investigated in Isihor village of Edo State, Nigeria. These attributes include depth, thickness of lithologies or rock types beneath the sea level or earth’s surface. Geophysical prospect of lithologies in this studied area is vital for many economic and environmental reasons for examples a large portion of the world’s fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal are found in stratified (layererd) rock types and much of the world’s ground water are store in sediments or stratified rocks. This investigation actually entailed carrying out electrical resistivity survey of vertical electrical sounding (VES) employing Schlumberger array. Ten(10) VES, fairly distributed in six different stations of Isihor village was carried out. The software IPI2WIN utilizing computer iteration was used for interpretation of apparent resistivity data. The result of the electrical resistivity survey showed that the lithologies; top soil; laterite, sandy soil, sandy clay loose soil clay soil, and clean sand were intercepted at depths of (0.56-0.86)m, (1.92-13.64) m (12.48-52.78m) (12.58-25.72)m, (*20.04 -74.43)m, (1.20-4.28)m, and (80.76-115.09)m respectively below sea level. Their respective thicknesses were probably 0.56, 0.98m, 7.42m 6.42m, 6.40m, 0.64m and 5.10m. These results agreed very well with available borehole/drillers log records of the area.
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Laterite
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The Nile River Delta is experiencing rapid rates of coastal change. The rate of both coastal retreat and accretion in the Eastern Nile Delta requires regular, accurate detection and measurement. Current techniques used to monitor coastal changes in the delta are point measurements and, thus, they provide a spatially limited view of the ongoing coastal changes. SAR interferometry can provide measurements of subtle coastal change at a significantly improved spatial resolution and over large areas (100 sq km). Using data provided by the ERS-1&2 satellites, monitoring can be accomplished as frequently as every 35 days when needed. Radar interferometry is employed in this study to detect segments of erosion and accretion during the 1993-2000 period. The average rates of erosion and accretion in the Eastern Nile Delta are measured to be -11.64 m/yr and +5.12 m/yr, respectively. The results of this interferometric study can be used effectively for coastal zone management and integrated sustainable development for the Nile River Delta.
Nile delta
River delta
Coastal erosion
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