Erratum to “Contrasting long-term global and short-term local redox proxies during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: A case study from Fossil Mountain, Utah, USA” [Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 377 (2013) 45–51]
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The Cretaceous paleobiogeography of North Africa and the Middle East is detailed through the combination of traditional and novel tools to detect the extinctions of ostracods during the breakup of Gondwana and the drift of the African Plate towards Asia.The multiple causes' scenario of extinctions is established using high resolution quantitative data of 43 selected ostracod species from a total of 136 investigated species belonging to 11 countries of North Africa and the Middle East.The studied ostracod assemblages clarified a possible relationship between the cyclic paleoenvironmental changes, most likely associated with see-saw like oscillations of the African continental plate (specifically during the breakup of Gondwana), and the cyclic variations of the orbit of the Earth.However, further studies of the Asian plate are needed to emphasize the see-saw like oscillations in Asia.On the other hand, three ostracod groups, ranging in age from Aptian to Turonian, have been discriminated, each of which has its paleoecological characteristics.
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The Musselshell Creek flora (12.0-10.5 Ma) of northern Idaho is used to reconstruct paleoclimatic and paleoecologic parameters of the Pacific Northwest during the late Middle Miocene. Other megafossil and microfossil floral records spanning 12.0-6.4 Ma are unknown from this region. The Musselshell Creek fossil flora, previously undescribed, is preserved in lacustrine clays and sediments that accumulated in a narrow valley surrounded by rugged terrain. Dominant taxa include dicotyledons and conifers. Most of the leaves are preserved as impressions or compressions. Some fossil leaves retained their original pigmentation, cellular anatomy, and organic constituents. Other fossils include excellent remains of pollen and spores, dispersed leaf cuticle, pyritized wood, and disarticulated fish bones. A destructive statistical analysis of one block of sediment, approximately 30 cm x 45 cm (1.5 sq. ft) recovered 14 orders, 23 families, and 34 genera of spermatophyte plant fossils. These floral elements are compared with two other earlier Miocene floras which were similarly sampled. Common megafossil genera include Quercus, Zizyphoides, Taxodium, Alnus, Castanea, Magnolia, Acer, Exbucklandia, Sequoia, Populus, and Betula. The rare occurrence of Ginkgo leaves is a first record of this taxon in the Idaho Miocene. Additional plant taxa are represented by palynomorphs. Common pollen taxa are Pinus, Abies, Carya, Quercus, and Tilia. Most of the megafossil and microfossil flora assemblage is characteristic of a streambank to floodplain environment that existed in a warm to cool temperate climate similar to the modern Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States.
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An extensive areal occurrence of Lower Oligocene rhodolith limestone has been observed in cores and outcrops extending nearly 290 km along NE-SW trend from south-central Georgia to the Florida Panhandle. Maximum observed thickness of the limestone is 30 m. Such tremendous accumulation of fossil rhodoliths has not been previously described in the literature. The boundaries of the rhodolith facies coincide with the edges of the Suwannee Strait, Cretaceous to Neogene paleobathymetric low, and may be used in subsurface mapping to delimit the edge of the Strait. Most of the rhodoliths are Archaeolithothamnium with mean diameter of 5 cm and most (95%) are spherical (compact) in shape. Rhodolith shape plus their internal laminar growth pattern indicate exposure to high-energy environments, resulting in frequent movement of the algae. The occurrence of Archaeolithothamnium, along with the red alga Lithoporella and dasycladacean alga, suggest moderate to shallow water depth. Rhodoliths overwhelmingly dominated the marine biotic community because the coarse, mobile substrate they produced precluded the development of more diverse faunal assemblage. Species that did live within the rhodolith facies had specific adaptations for survival on such substrate including the ability to encrust (corals and ectoprocts), bore (Lithophaga), live interstitially (Lima), and ease of mobility (scallops, echinoids). INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to show how the interpretation of outcrops and cores containing Oligocene age rhodoliths has aided in determining the position of buried seaway known as the Suwannee Strait. To make this determination, we first described an unusually large areal occurrence of an Oligocene rhodolith facies, and then determined the paleoecological implications of the rhodoliths, associated fauna, and sedimentary facies examined in outcrop and core. Using modern rhodolith deposits as guide, we inferred the position of the Suwannee Strait. The Strait has been described by Applin and Applin (1944) as a channel or trough extending southwestward across Georgia through the Tallahassee area of Florida to the Gulf of Mexico. Although the seaway existed from the Late Cretaceous (Hull, 1962) to Eocene (Chen, 1965; McKinney, 1984), the exact location of the Strait during the Tertiary has been matter of debate. Reports concerning coralline algal nodules, named rhodolites by Bosellini and Ginsburg (1971), can be found in the literature beginning in the late nineteenth century. Early studies (KjelLman, 1883; Foslie, 1894) dealt mostly with the descriptive and taxonomic aspect of these algae that grow as detached, individual, primary nodules. More recent work has been directed towards the ecological relationships of rhodoliths. To this end, several investigators (Logan, et al., 1969; Bosellini and Ginsburg, 1971; Adey and Macintyre, 1973; Focke and Gebelein, 1978; Bosence, 1985) have observed the nodules in Recent environments, thereby providing basic information for paleoenvironmental interpretations. Data from these studies have been used by others (Siesser, 1972; Toomey, 1975; Orszag-Sperber, Poignant, andPoisson, 1977; Pal and Dutta, 1979; Bourrouilh-le-Jan, 1979) to describe environmental conditions of ancient rhodolith-bearing strata. Two significant problems are encountered when attempting paleoenvironmental statements based on the presence of certain algal form. Because classification is based on cell and reproductive structures observed in thin section, identification of the genus can be quite difficult where replacement or dolomitization has taken place. Also, because most of the rhodolith genera have wide, overlapping ranges of ecological tolerances; depth zonation, light penetration, wave energy, and water temperatures cannot be sharply delineated. As result of these difficulties Adey and Macintyre (1973) state that in paleoecological studies many erroneous or
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In the Aptian-Maastrichtian of the KRM-1 and AG-18 wells several zones (number in brackets) can be distinguished based on miospores (8), dinoflagellates (8), cosmopolitan globotruncanids (11), local heterohelicids (6), and benthonic foraminifera (4). In this time interval the depositional environment changed from inner shelf (Aptian-Turonian) to upper and middle slope (Campanian-Maastrichtian).
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