An experimental approach to strain pattern and folding in unconfined and/or partitioned transpressional deformation
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Folding (DSP implementation)
Strain (injury)
Abstract Over the past few decades, Toarcian (Early Jurassic) black shale deposits of NW Europe have been extensively studied, and the possible global and regional mechanisms for their regional variation have been discussed. In this context, the black shales of the Northwest German Basin are still sparsely studied with regard to their palaeo-depositional history. This study aims to understand the connection between regional and global influences on the widespread Early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event by examining two wells covering the Upper Pliensbachian to Upper Toarcian sediments in the Northwestern German Basin. The core intervals were analysed using a multidisciplinary approach, including geochemistry, biostratigraphy and organic petrography. Marine palaeoenvironmental changes were reconstructed, and sediment sequences were stratigraphically classified to allow a supra-regional stratigraphic correlation. The results reveal complex interactions between sea level changes, climate warming, basin confinement, and Tethys–Arctic connectivity resulting in the Toarcian black shale deposition. Upper Pliensbachian sediments were deposited under terrigenous influence, shallow water depths, and predominantly oxic bottom water conditions. The deposition of black shale is characterized by algal organic material input and anoxic bottom water conditions. Strong correlations between water stratification, anoxia, and bioproductivity suggest that global warming and intensification of monsoonal rainfall, continental weathering, and increasing freshwater and nutrient inputs were the main factors controlling the formation of black shales. Prolonged deposition of OM-rich sediments in the NWGB may be related to intensified monsoonal precipitation in northern Europe and enhanced Tethys–Arctic connectivity at the serpentinum–bifrons transition. Graphical Abstract
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Mineral resource classification
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Sedimentology had been developed in Japan, as in Europe, from the 1950s, though the term “taisekigaku” (sedimentology in English) was proposed in Japan by Prof. T. Yagi as early as in 1929 (Okada with Kenyon-Smith, 2005). For the actual development of sedimentology in Japan, Prof. T. Matsumoto, Professor Emeritus of Kyushu University and Member of the Japan Academy, has made a great contribution to the sedimentology, in addition to his works as a worldwide palaeontologist for Cretaceous ammonites.
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Mineral resource classification
Historical geology
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Historical geology
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Historical geology
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Sedimentology is a basic discipline in geological sciences established only in the midst of the 20th century. It had, however, a history of pre-sedimentology as long as that of geology itself. Reviewing the history of sedimentology, the establishment and development of sedimentology in Japan are discussed on the following topics: (1) stratigraphy and lithology, (2) proposal of the term “Sedimentology”, and (3) the process of establishment of sedimentology and its development in the four stages, 1950-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-2002, and since 2002. A special mention is made of the first introduction of the term “Taiseki-gaku” (sedimentology in English) in 1929 by Tsugio Yagi, a professor of Tohoku University, which was much earlier than the proposal of the term “Sedimentology” by Hakon Wadell in 1932. In this respect, a tribute of praise should be paid to Tsugio Yagi not only in Japan but also internationally.
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