South Primorye, Far East Russia—A key region for global Permian correlation
Galina V. KotlyarGennady C. BelyanskyValentina I. BuragoAntonina P. NikitinaL.N. ZakharovA. V. Zhuravlev
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The placement of the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian boundary in Kansas has been debated since the rocks of this age were first described and named. With the ratification of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Permian System in the southern Ural Mountains, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas can now be confidently defined. Based on the identification of the first occurrence of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus that definitively correlates the Kansas rock section to the basal Permian GSSP, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas can be placed at the base of the Bennett Shale Member of the Red Eagle Limestone.
The Kansas Geological Survey proposes that the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway section, located in northeast Kansas, be considered for the Carboniferous-Permian boundary stratotype in Kansas. It is further suggested that the stratigraphic position of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway section be considered as a potential North American stratotype.
In addition to being a significant biostratigraphic boundary, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary and enclosing strata also have significance because they reflect important geologic events and changes that occurred on a regional and global scale.
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Zhong-Qiang Chen, G.R. Shi, Yongqun Gao, Jinnan Tong, Fengqing Yang & Yuanqiao Peng, June, 2009. A late Changhsingian (latest Permian) deep-water brachiopod fauna from Guizhou, South China. Alcheringa 33, 163–183. ISSN 0311-5518. A deep-water brachiopod fauna (20 species in 19 genera) is described from the Late Permian Shaiwa Group of Ziyun, Guizhou, South China. New species include Pygmochonetes? shaiwaensis and Martinia ziyunensis. This fauna is associated with deep-water assemblages of pelagic radiolarians, foraminifers, bivalves and ammonoids. The brachiopod faunal correlations and age constraints of the associated fossil groups suggest that the Shaiwa fauna is late Changhsingian (latest Permian) in age. The Shaiwa fauna superficially resembles the coeval deep-water assemblage from Guangxi, South China; both are characterized by a mixture of deep-water brachiopods and shallow-water elements.
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Since the integrated chronostratigraphic scheme of the Permian System was approved by the Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy (SPS) and formally adopted in the International Stratigraphic Chart of IUGS, five GSSPs in the Permian System have been formally ratified by ICS and IUGS. They are the bases of the Permian System (i.e. the base of Asselian Stage), Wuchiapingian, Capitanian, Wordian and Roadian Stages. The GSSP proposal for the base of the Changhsingian Stage at the Meishan Section D in Zhejiang, Southeast China has been voted 94% in favor by SPS and distributed to ICS for voting recently. SPS will concentrate efforts on the GSSPs for the Cisuralian stages including the bases of Kungurian, Artinskian and Sakmarian Stages in southern Urals of Russia. It is scheduled to set up GSSPs for all Permian stages by the end of 2006. In the meantime, SPS has launched international cooperation in highly precise global correlation and other post-stratotype tasks.
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A Late Permian (Changhsingian) brachiopod fauna, consisting of 25 species in 19 genera, is described from the upper Toyoma Formation of Nabekoshiyama in the Kesennuma area, South Kitakami Belt, northeast Japan. New species described here are Terrakea nabekoshiyamensis and Orthothrix sudoi. The Nabekoshiyama fauna is a mixed Boreal‐ Tethyan fauna and is allied with the Late Permian brachiopod fauna of South Primorye, eastern Russia.
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This paper gives a brief account of some interesting aspects of Permian stratigraphy in China as well as in other regions. Approval of an integrated chronostratigraphic scheme to replace the traditional standard succession in the Urals is significant. This scheme will not only serve as a working template for the Subcommission in defining the GSSPs for intra Systemic boundaries following the concept and procedures of modern stratigraphy, but also as a catalyst for developing a more reliable global correlation of the Permian. Increasing data of magnetostratigraphy, isotopic ages and sequencestratigraphy make it possible to erect a correlation between the proposed standard and other Permian successions. In China, as a consequence of implementing multi categories of stratigraphic classification, a Chinese chronostratigraphic scheme consisting of three series and 8 stages was established based on updated data on Permian cono donts, fusulinids, ammonoids and palynomorphs. The well established chronostratigraphic units such as the stratotypes of the Permian Triassic boundary, the Changhsingian Stage, and even the Lopingian Series were basically accepted as the global standard of the Upper Permian. The base of the Permian System in China, which has been traditionally placed at basal level of the Kungurian Stage for more than half a century, is now in agreement with the international standard. However, the proposed international and Chinese chronostratigraphic units need to be enhanced through defining the GSSP for its basal boundary, refining the standard stratigraphic sequences, subdivisions and inter regional correlation. And correlation of post Artinskian successions is far from precise because of the strong biogeographic differentiation.
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The Early-Middle Permian(Cisuralian-Guadalupian) boundary is marked globally by tremendous changes in terms of the development of ammonoid faunas.At that time the new Order Ceratitida appeared and their first known representatives are found in the lowest part of the Middle Permian Roadian Stage.The earliest Ceratitida therefore serve as reliable markers for the boundary between the Lower and Middle Permian in the Tethyan region and North America in terms of ammonoids.In other biogeographic regions,how-ever,where Ceratitida have not been found,representatives of the families Pseudogastrioceratidae and Spirolegoceratidae play an important role in biostratigraphical subdivision.The GSSP(Global Stratotype Section and Point) between the Lower and Middle Permian is defined in the Glass Mountains of Texas based on the first appearance of the conodonts species Jinogondolella nanking-ensis.However,the first Middle Permian representatives ammonoids appear slightly below this level in the Texas section.As the Roadian Stage was originally defined by Furnish based on ammonoid data.Many ammonoid experts do not agree with a definition based on conodonts in view of a fact that a typical set of Middle Permian ammonoids existed in the Early Permian based on the conodont definiton.Ammonoid experts therefore strongly suggest that the ceratitid Paraceltites elegans and other ceratitid ammonoids should all be attributed to Middle Permian.In this study,characteristic ammonoid faunas around the boundary between the Lower and Mi-ddle Permian in China are re-identified and reviewed.Based on a number of ammonoid occurrences materials near the Kungurian-Roadian boundary previously reported,I consider that ammonoid faunas near the Lower-Middle Permian boundary mainly occur in South and northwest China.Compared with the coeval ammonoid faunas in Russia,it can be concluded that endemic elements including Pseudohaloritinae and Shou-changoceratinae dominate the ammonoid faunas near the boundary.Based on a new study of a number of the ammonoid faunas,the lower part of the Shuangbaotang Formation is assigned to the Kungurian,the middle to upper part of the formation to the Roadian;the Fanjiatun Formation to the Roadian or Wordian;the Jiala Formation from Xigaze,Tibet and the Urulung Formation at Duilongdeqing,Tibet,to Roadian.The Shuangbaotang Section in Gansu Province and the Dongwuli Section in Zhejiang Province are considered the most promising localities to solve the problem of the Kunguian-Roadian boundary in terms of ammonoids.
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With abundant deep-water upper Permian sediments, Guizhou is an ideal place for the research of radiolarian biostratigraphy of Upper Permian. The sections of Sidazhai and Lekang in southern Guizhou Province are studied. Lithology and biostratigraphy of the siliceous rock sequence of uppermost Permian in the two sections are introduced. Radiolariun assemblage zones, Neoalbaillella optima assemblage zone and Klaengspongus spinosus assemblage zone in ascending order are established for the topmost Permian of southern Guizhou. The Klaengspongus spinosus zone has been the topmost radiolarian assemblage zone of Permian, which is also correlated with former ones in a considerable depth.
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