Palaeoflood record of the Tagus River (Central Spain) during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene
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Climatic trends for the Pampa grasslands during the late Pleistocene-Holocene: quantitative estimations based on fossil pollen sequences. Pollen-climate calibration models for mean annual temperature (Tan), annual precipitation (Pan) and precipitation efficiency (EP) are presented for the Pampa grasslands region (33°–41°S and 56°–67°W). The Pan and EP models were optimal (r2boots =0,669 and 0,717; RMSEP;boots= 16%) to apply Modern Analog Technique and to obtain late Pleistocene-Holocene quantitative climatic estimations based on fossil pollen from two alluvial sequences. In the central Pampa grasslands, Pan and EP values were 100 to 200 mm lower than present ones during the late Pleistocene (16000-12000 yr cal BP). During the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, early Holocene and late Holocene the values were similar to modem ones. In the southwest, Pan and EP values were c. 200 mm higher than present ones during the mid-Holocene (5500-3000 yr cal BP), and decreased during the late Holocene reaching similar modern values during the last 500 years cal. The climatic inferences agree with previous paleoclimatic interpretations that state dry to semiarid conditions during the late Pleistocene, and subhumid humid conditions during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and early Holocene. However, there are discrepancies as from 5000 yr cal BP, probably related to the different sensitivity of the climate proxy data. The NE-SW precipitation gradient during the last c. 5500 yr cal may have been steeper than at present. These estimations are the first quantitative climatic reconstructions for the Pampa grasslands region, and should be taken as trends until new reconstructions confirm them.
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Abstract The combined application of paleocryological and palynological methods has revealed that the formation of polygonal wedge ice at the end of the Late Pleistocene and in the first half of the Holocene, including the main phase of peat accumulation and of the advance of the treeline into the tundra zone in the north of Western Siberia, occurred under conditions of severe continental climate. Mean annual air temperatures and permafrost temperatures were significantly lower than at present and thus caused an intensification of thermal contraction cracking and of ice wedge formation. Existing concepts of the Holocene Climatic Optimum in the north of Siberia as a period of significantly higher humidities, higher mean summer air temperatures and permafrost temperatures and of widespread degradation of the permafrost do not present a true picture of the reality of the geographical situation at the time.
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The paper reviews the work on paleolimnology in parts of the FSU over the last 40 years. It presents a short review of The History of the Lakes of the East European Plain, one of the books of the series The History of Lakes published by the Institute of Lake Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It describes the Late Pleistocene and Holocene history of these lakes based mainly on the study of lacustrine sediments. Amongst the samples Lake Nero near Moscow which is located near the marginal zone of the last glaciation, and includes records that go back as early as 190,000 BP. The main elements of lake evolution are shown in different territories: Byelorussia; Baltic countries; Karelia; and the Kola Peninsula. Special attention is given to palaeolimnological data because its use for Holocene and Late Pleistocene palaeoclimate reconstructions. Copyright O 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
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