Quantity and quality of groundwater in fractured metasedimentary rocks of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
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Abstract:
Groundwater in fractured metasedimentary rock in Malaysia is a potential source of water for drinking and industrial
uses. Industries including agricultural processing, mineral water bottling, manufacturing and golf courses pumped
the water from the underlying fractured rocks. Fifty eight tubewells belong to private companies operating in various
places in West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia were evaluated for their yield and quality of water. Rotary percussion
methods were used for the drilling to a maximum depth of 200 m. The productivity of the wells and the characteristics
of the aquifer were evaluated by pumping test using both the constant discharge rate and steps drawdown methods. The
average yield of the wells at allowable drawdown of 40 m was found to be 416 m3 per day. Results from water quality
analysis indicated that the water was fresh with an average total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 101 to 150
mg/L. The hardness of the water varies from as low as 13 mg/L to a maximum of 353 mg/L. On the average, the water
was moderately hard with the average hardness value of 80 mg/L. The water facies of the groundwater was found to be
of calcium-sodium-bicarbonate water.Keywords:
Drawdown (hydrology)
Total dissolved solids
Alkalinity
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Nitrate concentration in groundwater was monitored and analyzed to assess the nitrate contamination of groundwater in the middle reaches of Heihe River,Northwest China.Water samples,from 71 wells,were marked with type of well,soil type,land using type and sampling depth.The mean value of NO-3-N contamination in groundwater for the 71 wells was(10.66±0.19) mg·L-1.32.4% of the wells have the nitrate concentrations above the dinking water standards established by World Health Organization(10 mg·L-1 NO-3-N),and 16.9% of them exceed 20 mg·L-1.The wells in the study areas are grouped into four according to the depth and usage: drinking wells,irrigation wells,hand-pumping wells and wells for monitoring groundwater table.The mean NO-3-N concentrations in the groundwater from drinking wells,irrigation wells,hand-pumping wells and wells for monitoring groundwater table are(5.75±0.20) mg·L-1,(11.44±1.70) mg·L-1,(17.41±0.96) mg·L-1 and(11.53±0.92) mg·L-1,respectively,that is,13.0%,33.3 %,52.4 % and 50.0 % exceeding 10 mg·L-1,and 6.3 %,16.7 %,28.6 % and 25.0 % exceeding 20 mg·L-1,respectively.The result shows that nitrate concentration in groundwater is inversely related to depth of the well.The wells with nitrate concentrations above the dinking water standards mostly have the depth less than 20 m.Groundwater contamination by nitrate is affected by land using.NO-3-N concentrations in groundwater under vegetable fields,seed maize and intercropped maize are significantly higher than that under urban land or paddy fields.It is considered that the vegetable fields are the principal sources of nitrate contamination in groundwater.Soil type is also a main factor affecting nitrate concentration in groundwater.Groundwater nitrate pollution in sandy soil areas is more severe than that in loam soils.
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This study deals with the water quality evaluation of the groundwater resources in the Dead Sea basin in Jordan.The study area is located in central part of Jordan and covers an area of about 6874 km2.The importance of this study is to identify the different environmental conditions associated with the increase of population, depletion of groundwater and irrigation activities.The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of over-pumping on the groundwater quality of the Dead Sea Basin.The total abstraction from the basin in 2011 was 81.1 MCM while the safe yield is 57 MCM, with an over-pumping rate of 142 % of safe yield.Five hundred water samples of 180 groundwater wells from different locationswere collected and analyzedfor their physical and chemical properties.The analyzed water samples weresubject to cluster analysis using SPSS software.The results showed that, there are two types of groundwater were concluded according to Langguth; Alkaline earth waters with increased portion of alkalis and prevailing chloride characterized the first type.About 90% of the groundwater samples fall within this type.The percentage of earth alkaline ions is higher than that of the bicarbonate.The chemistry of the first type shows the flowing ionic order:Ca+2
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Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater samples in some communities in the Ayensu river basin of the central Region of Ghana was used to establish the hydrochemistry of the study area. The methodology consisted of physicochemical sampling and laboratory analysis of groundwater resources in the Basin and basic statistical analysis of the laboratory results. Generally, the groundwater is weakly acidic with a mean pH value of 6.32, had high electrical conductivity and TDS values in the range, 256.4 µS cm -1 to 2313.3 µS cm -1 and 101.7 mg/L to 1247.0 mg/L respectively. The groundwater in the area is undersaturated with respect to carbonate phases and is fresh except for one borehole at Gyangyanadze which has TDS value of 1247.0 mg/L considered as saline water. The dominant water types in the study area are Na- Cl, Ca- Mg - Cl and Ca - Mg - SO 4 . The groundwater is to a large extent potable. However, approximately 13% of the groundwater samples had chloride concentrations slightly exceeding the respective WHO maximum acceptable limits for drinking water. Approximately 43%, 16% and 10% respectively of the water samples had Al 3+ , Fe 2+ and Cd 2+ concentrations above the respective WHO maximum acceptable limit for drinking water. Silicate mineral weathering is probably the main process through which major ions enter the groundwater. Keywords: Groundwater quality hydrochemistry silicate weathering Central Region Ghana
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This paper investigates the aquifer system and groundwater quality of Okrika Island using lithological logs, static water level (SWL) measurements and physico-chemical analyses of sampled waters from ten boreholes. The borehole logs identify three (3) major lithologies within the Benin Formation. These include clayey sand, clay and sand. The clays are silty in places, while the sands are fine to coarse and poorly sorted. In some boreholes, clays occur as topsoil and could be up to 9 m thick. In the other boreholes, the topsoils are either sand or clayey sand. Two main sand aquifer units were delineated. The static water levels are relatively shallow (o.5 7.9 m) making the aquifers in the area vulnerable to pollution from solid wastes and leachates. The pH values vary from 6.6 7.7 with an average of 7.1 which indicate slightly acidic to slightly basic groundwater. The concentrations of chloride are between 10 and 300 mg/L with a mean of 92.28 mg/L. Total alkalinity values are between 81 and 86 mg/L. Iron concentrations range from 0.01 0.1 mg/L with an average of 0.04 mg/L. Sulphate concentration ranges from 0.02 20 mg/L. These values are low when compared with the WHO (2006) standard for potable water. The calcium hardness obtained falls between 10 and 62 mg/L. Magnesium hardness is low in the water and ranges in concentration between 6 and 17 mg/L while total hardness values of the groundwater samples in the area range from 2.5 100 mg/L, indicating that the water is soft to moderately hard. The bicarbonate concentration measured at Isaka II is 81mg/L while the total dissolved solids (TDS) values fall between 10 300 mg/L. Except at few locations where elevated chloride concentrations were recorded, the groundwater is generally potable. Keywords : Water Quality, Hydrogeology, Saline Water Intrusion, Okrika Island, Niger Delta.
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Groundwater quality is an inevitable factor for sustainable agriculture as a source of irrigation water.Therefore, the study was conducted in an irrigated sand dune area of northwest Honshu island in Japan to evaluate the groundwater quality for irrigation.Three observation wells were installed in the investigated field made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with three plastic tubes to collect groundwater of 2.0 m, 2.5 m and 3.0 m.The sampling was performed every month from January to November, 2005.Assessment of groundwater quality was performed on the basis of total dissolved solids (TDS), concentration of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (H T ) and concentration of phosphate phosphorus (PO 4 -P).Total dissolved solids in groundwater was ranged between 145.5-249.4mg l -1 during the investigation period, revealed that irrigation using groundwater of the study area would not cause salinity hazards.Concentrations of Na, Ca, and Mg were decreased with depth throughout the investigation period.The average concentration of Na and SAR value were 18.8 mg l -1 and 0.81, respectively.Since groundwater of the study area contained low concentration of Na with low SAR values, there would not be any possibility of sodium hazards from irrigation using groundwater.On average groundwater of the study area contained 27.5 mg l -1 Ca and 9.35 mg l -1 Mg, which might contribute to moderate hardness of groundwater in the study area.
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The groundwater evaluation has been carried out in Khanaqin area in Diyala governorate to the east of Iraq. The analyzed hydrochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids as well as cations and anions are used to describe groundwater quality and its suitability for different purposes. The study area covers (1920) km 2 . According to hydrogeological investigation (43) water points were inventoried and water levels in wells were measured. (34) Wells were sampled during 2013-2014 during water surplus and water deficit periods. The studied area is divided groundwater aquifers into two main units, the unconfined and confined aquifers. The values of pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are in the range of (7.1-7.6) and (283-3070) µS/cm, (200-2370) mg/l respectively. Salinity distribution map within area showed maximum values are in southeastern part of the basin in water deficit period, while a north-west south-east pattern of highly salinity values was indicated during water surplus period. Groundwater origins and types were continental and (NaCl) as major type followed by (NaSO 4 ) as second type of groundwater in the area of study.
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Physiochemical assessment of shallow groundwater in Gboloko area was carried out to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Eighteen (18) groundwater samples were collected from different rural communities' wells and subjected field measurements of physical parameters followed by chemical analyses using ICP-MS, ICP-ES, Calorimetry and Turbimetry methods. The results show that pH of the groundwater ranged from 5.1 to 8.6 (mean 6.6) which indicates the groundwater is slightly acidic and slightly alkaline. EC and TDS varied from 60 to1367mg/L (mean 277.4mg/L) and 53 to 995mg/L (mean 206.5mg/L) respectively. The concentration of major cations were in the order of Ca2+>Na+> Mg2+> K+ while that of anion were in the order of HCO3 ->Cl-> SO4 -> NO3- .Five hydrochemical facies were delineated from Piper plot; they are CaHCO3, CaNaHCO3, CaMgCl, CaCl, and NaHCO3 water type. CaHCO3 water is the dominant facies which represents water of recharge zone while CaNaHCO3 and CaCl are the least. The presence of NaHCO3 CaNaHCO3, and CaMgCl water type shows hydrochemical processes such as ion exchange and linear mixing. The drinking water quality assessment indicates the values for all the hydrochemical parameters are within the maximum permissible standard by WHO, 2006 except for two locations where nitrate concentrations are above the guideline value. The nitrate contamination observed at those locations may be attributed to leachates from domestic wastes and agricultural activities. Although nitrate contamination was expected to be rampant in groundwater of the area Irrigation water quality indices showed that the groundwater is ranged from mostly suitable to unsuitable.Key words: Groundwater quality, Gboloko, Hydrochemical Facies, Irrigation water
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Abstract Hard rock aquifers of Indian peninsula are loaded with excess nitrate due to heavy use of fertilizers during irrigation and excess fluoride due to the geogenic contamination. This study is focused on the groundwater quality in Subledu Basin in view of the large-scale use of groundwater for both irrigation and drinking purposes as no such study was carried out earlier in the basin. The study area is located at Khammam district, Telangana state, India, which is a hard rock terrain mostly covered with granites and gneisses. Twenty-two groundwater samples were collected covering the entire basin in the month of May 2019 from running hand pumps for analyzing the major anions and cations in the groundwater. The samples were analyzed by using standard gravimetric method for evaluation of total dissolved solids; titrimetric methods to analyze carbonates, bicarbonates and chloride; UV spectrometric method for estimation of nitrate; and ion-selective electrode method for fluoride and spectrophotometer for sulfate and phosphate. These chemical constituents are used to calculate parameters, namely total hardness, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, sodium percentage, Kelley’s ratio and magnesium hazard. The spatial distribution maps of important chemical constituents are prepared by using the contour maps created by utilizing the inverse distance weighted interpolation tool in the Geographical Information System. The excess fluoride values of 2.84 mg/l, 2.76 mg/l and 1.87 mg/l are observed in the villages of Pocharam, Kistapuram and Turakagudem, respectively, as against the maximum permissible concentration of 1.5 mg/l prescribed by World Health Organization. Excess use of fertilizers for agriculture is causing the nitrate pollution of groundwater in more than 50% of the samples with concentrations ranging from a minimum of 2 mg/l to a maximum of 460 mg/l in the villages of Medidapalle and Bachodu. It is identified that the total hardness is ranging between 200 and 820 mg/l which is very high when compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards. Based on sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, Kelley’s ratio, and sodium percentage analyses, two samples were not suitable for irrigation. Similarly, 13 samples are not suitable for drinking water purposes based on the excess presence of fluoride and nitrate. Groundwater quality maps of Subledu Basin depicting the areas suitable or not for the irrigation as well as for drinking purposes were prepared. From these maps, it is found that groundwater from large parts of the basin is not suitable for drinking purposes while for irrigation purposes it is suitable.
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