Interactions of the major biogeochemical cycles : global change and human impacts
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A scientific assessment of element interactions in the biosphere providing an up-to-date review of biogeochemistry and its effects on Earth's systems. Experts in biogeochemical cycling in atmospheric, land, freshwater and marine environments summarize and synthesize information in each discipline.Keywords:
Biogeochemical Cycle
Biogeochemistry
Earth system science
Global Change
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Marine ecosystem
Biogeochemistry
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Global biogeochemistry is the discipline that links various aspects of biology, geology, and chemistry to investigate the surface environment of the Earth. The global biogeochemical cycles of the elements lie at the very core of the subject and involve a myriad of processes that transform and transport various substances throughout the Earth's ecosphere, which consists of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, shallow crust (soils, sediments, and crustal rocks), biosphere, and cryosphere. As the authors of Biogeochemical Cycles: A Computer‐Interactive Study of Earth System Science and Global Change say, “anyone interested in understanding the causes of global environmental change and its implications for life would be well‐advised to begin with an investigation of global biogeochemistry.” This small but illuminating book is an attempt to provide a reasonably integrated and comprehensive text dealing with the study of the life‐essential global biogeochemical cycles of carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.
Biogeochemical Cycle
Biogeochemistry
Hydrosphere
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Abstract Some of the two‐way interactions between ocean biota and climate are mediated by biogeochemical cycles that link the different components of the climate system. As suggested by proxy records extracted from ice and ocean cores, by recent measurements, and by numerical models, such two‐way interactions were likely major players in past climate variability on glacial—interglacial timescales, and may act to amplify or moderate an anthropogenically induced climate change in the near future. At present, our lack of understanding of these interactions hampers our ability to anticipate the consequences of possible anthropogenic climate change. In this article, we highlight some of the possible feedbacks between ocean biota and climate, reviewing some key biogeochemical processes and discussing mechanisms of two‐way interactions. We also outline the need and strategies for continuing research aimed at advancing our understanding of these feedbacks and discuss their significance.
Biogeochemical Cycle
Biota
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The land surface comprises the smallest areal fraction of the Earth system's major components (e.g., versus atmosphere or ocean with cryosphere). As such, how is it that some of the largest sources of uncertainty in future climate projections are found in the terrestrial biosphere? This uncertainty stems from how the terrestrial biosphere is modeled with respect to the myriad of biogeochemical, physical, and dynamic processes represented (or not) in numerous models that contribute to projections of Earth's future. Here, we provide an overview of the processes included in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs), including various approaches to representing any one given process, as well as the processes that are missing and/or uncertain. We complement this with a comprehensive review of individual TBMs, marking the differences, uniqueness, and recent and planned developments. To conclude, we summarize the latest results in benchmarking activities, particularly as linked to recent model intercomparison projects, and outline a path forward to reducing uncertainty in the contribution of the terrestrial biosphere to global atmospheric change.
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Biogeochemical Cycle
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Sustained observations (SOs) have provided invaluable information on the ocean's biology and biogeochemistry for over 50 years. They continue to play a vital role in elucidating the functioning of the marine ecosystem, particularly in the light of ongoing climate change. Repeated, consistent observations have provided the opportunity to resolve temporal and/or spatial variability in ocean biogeochemistry, which has driven exploration of the factors controlling biological parameters and processes. Here, I highlight some of the key breakthroughs in biological oceanography that have been enabled by SOs, which include areas such as trophic dynamics, understanding variability, improved biogeochemical models and the role of ocean biology in the global carbon cycle. In the near future, SOs are poised to make progress on several fronts, including detecting climate change effects on ocean biogeochemistry, high-resolution observations of physical-biological interactions and greater observational capability in both the mesopelagic zone and harsh environments, such as the Arctic. We are now entering a new era for biological SOs, one in which our motivations have evolved from the need to acquire basic understanding of the ocean's state and variability, to a need to understand ocean biogeochemistry in the context of increasing pressure in the form of climate change, overfishing and eutrophication.
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Biogeochemical Cycle
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On the basis of discussion of present status and problems involved with research on the marine carbon cycle,the role of marine ecosystem dynamics in ocean carbon cycle is analysed.Early studies of the carbon cycle emphasized on the cycle of inorganic carbon.As the research is carried on in a deep going way,the carbon cycle model with a simple biogeochemical process even with an explicit ecosystem is being developed.The future research is pointed out that it includes a better understanding of the physical processes and development of the marine carbon cycle model with an explicit ecosystem.For this reason methods of parameterisation of some key processes should be studied in the marine ecosystem dynamics,and values of some parameters should be determined.It is expected that the future models can be used more precisely to study the response of the marine ecosystems and carbon cycle to global changes.
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