Fault Patterns During Normal and Oblique Rifting and the Influence of Basement Discontinuities: Application to Models for the Tectonic Evolution of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
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Transtension
Basement
Classification of discontinuities
Transpression
Transpression
Transtension
Clockwise
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Lineation
Strain partitioning
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Summary In addition to the well-established extension, compression and transcurrent relative movements between plates of the lithosphere, this paper considers intermediate or oblique relative movements, namely, transtension and transpression. Transtension is already well established in oblique zones of ocean spreading which consist of stepped transform faults. Transpression is a more complex process. The tectonic consequences of a transpression model are outlined and it is suggested that the tectonic style in Caledonian Spitsbergen provides evidence for this transpression regime as an intermediate stage between compression and transcurrence. It is also suggested that transpression should occur generally and may relate the development of transcurrent faults in orogenic belts.
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Transpression
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Echelon formation
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The Periadriatic Line (PAL) is a remarkable, several hundred kilometer long fault system of the Alpine orogen. Its dextral character was documented by several authors using diverse criteria, but detailed kinematics and timing of movements had not been investigated along its whole length. Structural and paleomagnetic measurements, mapping, and stratigraphic and sedimentological studies have helped to unravel the Miocene‐Pliocene evolution of the Slovenian segment of the PAL. Brittle deformation was characterized by NW‐SE to N‐S compression and perpendicular tension. Deformation has resulted in dextral strike‐slip faulting, folding, and tilting of beds. The first transpressional event corresponds to the first phase of lateral extrusion of the East Alpine‐Western Carpathian‐Northern Pannonian block in the early Miocene (24–17.5 Ma). After a short period of transtension during the Karpatian (17.5–16.5 Ma), dextral transpression reoccurred during the middle Miocene to Pliocene and lasted up to the Quaternary. Middle Miocene dextral slip can be connected to the second phase of extrusion. The highly deformed rocks within the dextral shear zones show variable clockwise, sometimes counterclockwise, rotations. The mechanism of rotation seems to be complex, ranging from regional rotation to local folding due to pure or simple shear (domino‐type rotation).
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Neogene
geodynamics
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SHEARING ZONES IN THE IZERA METAMORPHIC TERRAIN, SUDETEN (SW POLAND)
Summary
First structural data on the kinematics of deformations of Izera Metamorphic Terrain (IMT) in West Sudeten (SW Poland) are presented in the paper. New structural study of IMT supports the concept of existence of numerous largescale penetrative shear zones. These zones are defined by mylonitic Izera gneisses that deformed Rumburk granites to a different degree. Mylonitic are also three zones of mica schists running evenly with a parallel of latitude. Only lensoidal domains of Rumburk granites are devoid of shearing processes. Lineations in IMT are extensional (Lx) and not of Ly type (i.e. parallel to axis Y of ellipsoid of final deformation) as was previously thought. The kinematic analysis of IMT indicates a complex pattern of displacements with a distinct domination of sinistral transptession. The latter is characteristic for northern and north-eastern parts of IMT. However, in the southern part of IMT dominated conditions of sinistral transpression. Most probably during the sinistral transpression (D1) domains were thrusted towards the south west and the middle crust was tectonic ally thickened. Next during the sinistral transtension in the northern slope of elevated core of dome the crust became extented. In the core of dome the emplacement of Karkonosze granitoids took place. The youngest, rare and non-penetrative dextral shear zones (D3) are related to the later extension during the Stephanian and Early Permian.
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The late Silurian to mid- or late Devonian interval in the Caledonides was a period dominated, sequentially, by sinistral transpression, strike-slip and transtension during the development of mainly non-marine ‘red-bed’ basins following the Ludlow–PrÍdolÍ transition from marine to terrestrial sedimentation. The tectonic event that led to and generated the sinistral Devonian basins was the highly oblique sinistral closure of the Iapetus Ocean between Laurentia and Baltica and between Laurentia and Avalonia. We examine the diachronous closure of Iapetus, the contrasting tectonic modes arising from that closure, and the nature and origin of subsequent Devonian deformation north and south of the Iapetus Suture in the context of progressively changing, sinistrally dominated relative plate motion between Laurentia and Avalonia–Baltica. We suggest that, from about 435 to 395 Ma, there was about 1200 km of sinistral strike-slip relative motion between Laurentia and Baltica. Our lower and upper estimates of Silurian–Devonian relative plate motion rates of 30 mm a −1 and 67 mm a −1 based upon geological data, are similar to present rates.
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Devonian
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