Early studies with first-generation poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have already indicated some therapeutic potential for sulfur mustard (SM) injuries. The available novel and more potential PARP inhibitors, which are undergoing clinical trials as drugs for cancer treatment, bring it back to the centre of interest. However, the role of PARP-1 in SM-induced injury is not fully understood. In this study, we selected a high potent specific PARP inhibitor ABT-888 as an example to investigate the effect of PARP inhibitor in SM injury. The results showed that in both the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) and HaCaT cell model, PARP inhibitor ABT-888 can reduce cell damage induced by severe SM injury. ABT-888 significantly reduced SM induced edema and epidermal necrosis in MEVM. In the HaCaT cell model, ABT-888 can reduce SM-induced NAD + /ATP depletion and apoptosis/necrosis. Then, we studied the mechanism of PARP-1 in SM injury by knockdown of PARP-1 in HaCaT cells. Knockdown of PARP-1 protected cell viability and downregulated the apoptosis checkpoints, including p-JNK, p-p53, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, c-PARP and Caspase 3 following SM-induced injury. Furthermore, the activation of AKT can inhibit autophagy via the regulation of mTOR. Our results showed that SM exposure could significantly inhibit the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway. Knockdown of PARP-1 reversed the SM-induced suppression of the Akt/mTOR pathway. In summary, the results of our study indicated that the protective effects of downregulation of PARP-1 in SM injury may be due to the regulation of apoptosis, necrosis, energy crisis and autophagy. However, it should be noticed that PARP inhibitor ABT-888 further enhanced the phosphorylation of H2AX (S139) after SM exposure, which indicated that we should be very careful in the application of PARP inhibitors in SM injury treatment because of the enhancement of DNA damage.
The Raman spectra of barite and celestine were recorded from 25 to 600 °C at ambient pressure and both minerals were stable over the entire temperature range. Most of the Raman bands of barite decreased in wavenumber with increasing temperature with the exception of the ν2 modes and the ν4 band at 616 cm−1, which did not exhibit a significant temperature dependence. These vibrations may be constrained by the lower thermal expansion along the a-axis and b-axis of barite. Similar to barite, most of the Raman bands of celestine also decreased in wavenumber with increasing temperature, with the exception of the ν2 modes and the ν4 band at 622 cm−1, which showed very little variation with increasing temperature. Variations of Raman shift as a function of temperature and FWHM (full width at half maximum) as a function of Raman shift for the main, ν1 modes of barite and celestine show that both minerals have almost identical linear trends with a slope of −0.02 cm−1/°C and −0.5, respectively, which allows for the prediction of Raman shifts and FWHM up to much higher temperatures. The calculated isobaric and isothermal mode Grüneisen parameters and the anharmonicity parameters show that the M–O modes (M = Ba2+ and Sr2+) in barite and celestine exhibit much higher values of both mode Grüneisen parameters and anharmonicity than the SO4 tetrahedra. This indicates that the S–O distances and S–O–S angles are less sensitive to pressure and temperature increase than the M–O distances in the structure. Furthermore, the generally higher anharmonicity in celestine is due to the smaller size of the Sr2+ cation, which causes the celestine structure to be more distorted than the barite structure.
Integrated pest management is focused on combining biological and chemical controls. There is evidence of a negative impact of neonicotinoids on biological control, however, sulfoxaflor (SFX), a novel insecticide, its impact on parasitoid natural predator remain limited. Binodoxys communis is an important parasitic natural enemy of Aphis gossypii, which may have direct and indirect toxicity from the insecticides and aphids. Understanding the potential threat of SFX to B. communis is therefore essential to integrated pest management and the conservation of parasitoids. Here, the effects of sublethal doses of SFX on B. communis larvae and adults are presented for the first time. Sublethal SFX doses had a significant negative effect on the survival rate, adult life span, duration of development, and rate of parasitism. Moreover, exposure to sublethal SFX doses also had adverse effects on the biological performance of the next generation of B. communis. Based on the transcriptome analysis, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, peroxidase, lysosomes, glutathione metabolism, drug metabolism, and CYP450 were significantly shifted by sublethal SFX exposure. These results indicate that sublethal SFX doses might adversely affect the biological performance of B. communis by altering gene expression related to the function of detoxification systems and energy metabolism. In conclusion, considering the beneficial ecological services of provided by parasitoids and the negative effects of sulfoxaflor across a greater usage scale, we emphasize the importance to optimize pesticide applications in IPM packages, in order to ensure the safety and survival of natural pest parasitoids.
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