Phosphorus significantly influences the eutrophication process, modifying the quality of waterways and habitat, especially in stagnant waterbodies exposed to septic tank effluent at high nutrient levels. This research explores the development of a cost-effective, efficient, and affordable on-site wastewater treatment system targeted as total phosphorus (TP) removal technology. The research objective is to demonstrate the TP removal efficiency of an optimized clay-zeolite medium by chemical adsorption. The study observes the effects of pellet medium design and modifications, influent concentrations, and contact time. Following various stages of optimization, the preliminary testing achieves a 45 ± 1.8% removal after 45 minutes of contact time. The optimized pellets are contained within a five-layer bench-scale model, achieving equilibrium TP removal of 72 ± 2.9% after 3 hours. Theoretical extrapolation to 12 contact hours indicates an achievement of 88% removal is possible. The results show a positive correlation with the linearized Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms.

10.2175/106143015x14338845155787

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Evidence for early Bronze Age tin and gold extraction in the Mourne Mountains, County Down

Richard A. Warner Norman Moles R. J. Chapman

We summarize the evidence for believing that the Mourne Mountains of Co. Down were an important source of gold and time during the early Bronze Age. We suggest that these metals might have been extracted from buried eluvial/alluvial deposits and we present evidence for what might be the remians of prehistoric stream-works.

Bronze

Eluvium

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The gold source found at last

Archaeology Ireland (2009)

Richard A. Warner R. J. Chapman Mary Cahill Norman Moles

The chronology and alloy of ^? the ornaments In 1995, in this magazine, reference was made to a (then) new joint project between geologists and archaeologists through which they hoped, among other aims, to identify the natural source(s) of Irish prehistoric gold. As part of this project the group have been collecting and analysing Irish natural gold, and re analysing many Irish gold ornaments. The main database for the analyses of ancient European gold objects is that produced by Axel Hartmann in the 1960s. Unfortunately we have found that his values for the amount of silver in the gold are almost worthless. Natural gold is an alloy, and silver is in most cases the main alloying metal. As we will describe below, most natural gold has a level of silver that can help to characterise its particular source. Therefore the level of silver in an artefact should also reflect the level(s) in the source(s) of the gold used to make it. Our re-measurement, by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, of a large number of Irish objects has given us a new database for the silver content of prehistoric Irish gold. We now have reliable values for over 400 objects of all prehistoric periods, and from most areas of Ireland, from which we can begin to draw conclusions. As was described in the 1995 article, Hartmann's measurements show that the amounts of tin and copper present in the Irish gold ornaments reflect their type and their date. Our new measurements show that the amount of silver also reflects the

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Chronology

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