Gisella Palma

Universidad Mayor

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Martín Reich

University of Chile

Fernando Barra

University of Chile

Adam C. Simon

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

J. Tomás Ovalle

Universidad Mayor

Rurik Romero

University of Chile

V. Valencia

Washington State University

Artur P. Deditius

Murdoch University

D. Comte

University of Chile

Eduardo Salazar

University of Chile

Margaux Le Vaillant

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Cooperative Institutions

University of Chile

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

Washington State University

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

University of Western Australia

Michigan United

Australian National University

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

University of Arizona

Western Washington University

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Imaging the subsurface architecture in porphyry copper deposits using local earthquake tomography

Scientific Reports (2023)

D. Comte Gisella Palma Jimena Vargas Daniela Calle‐Gardella Matías Peña

An essential part of the world's remaining mineral resources is expected to reside deep in the crust or under post-mineralization cover. For porphyry copper deposits, the world's primary source of Cu, Mo, and Re, identifying the dynamic processes that control their emplacement in the upper crust can guide future exploration. Seismic tomography can constrain these processes through imaging deep-seated structures at the regional scale. Here we construct a three-dimensional model of the Vp/Vs ratio, based on arrival times of P and S seismic waves, beneath the Cerro Colorado porphyry Cu-(Mo) deposit in northern Chile. Our images show that low Vp/Vs (~ 1.55-1.65) anomalies, extending to ~ 5-15 km depth, coincide with the surface expression of known porphyry copper deposits and prospects, as well as delimit structures that host orebodies and related hydrothermal alteration zones. Medium Vp/Vs (~ 1.68-1.74) and high Vp/Vs (Vp/Vs ~ 1.85) bodies correspond to intermediate-felsic plutonic precursors for porphyry intrusions and mafic magma reservoirs that underlie shallower orebodies, respectively. Imaging these precursor and parental plutons is crucial to the identification of orebodies as they act as the source of fluids for porphyry copper generation. This study demonstrates the potential of local earthquake tomography as a tool to identify future deep mineral resources with minimal environmental impact.

Felsic

Metallogeny

10.1038/s41598-023-33820-w

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Citations (5)

Geology of the Altamira and Las Luces deposits, Coastal Cordillera, northern Chile: implications for the origin of stratabound Cu–(Ag) deposits

Mineralium Deposita (2022)

Ignacio Maureira Fernando Barra Martín Reich Gisella Palma

Bornite

Chalcocite

Covellite

Pseudomorph

Marcasite

10.1007/s00126-022-01132-0

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Citations (3)

A review of magnetite geochemistry of Chilean iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits and its implications for ore-forming processes

Ore Geology Reviews (2020)

Gisella Palma Fernando Barra Martín Reich Adam C. Simon Rurik Romero

Ore genesis

Iron ore

10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103748

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Citations (38)

Formation of iron oxide–apatite deposits

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment (2022)

Martín Reich Adam C. Simon Fernando Barra Gisella Palma Tong Hou

10.1038/s43017-022-00335-3

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Citations (33)

Apatite Mineral Chemistry From IOA Deposits in Northern Chile

AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (2017)

Gisella Palma Luis Fernando Barra-Pantoja Martín Reich V. Valencia Adam C. Simon

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Thermal evolution of Andean iron oxide–apatite (IOA) deposits as revealed by magnetite thermometry

Scientific Reports (2021)

Gisella Palma Martín Reich Fernando Barra J. Tomás Ovalle Irene del Real

Abstract Magnetite is the main constituent of iron oxide–apatite (IOA) deposits, which are a globally important source of Fe and other elements such as P and REE, critical for modern technologies. Geochemical studies of magnetite from IOA deposits have provided key insights into the ore-forming processes and source of mineralizing fluids. However, to date, only qualitative estimations have been obtained for one of the key controlling physico-chemical parameters, i.e., the temperature of magnetite formation. Here we reconstruct the thermal evolution of Andean IOA deposits by using magnetite thermometry. Our study comprised a > 3000 point geochemical dataset of magnetite from several IOA deposits within the Early Cretaceous Chilean Iron Belt, as well as from the Pliocene El Laco IOA deposit in the Chilean Altiplano. Thermometry data reveal that the deposits formed under a wide range of temperatures, from purely magmatic (~ 1000 to 800 °C), to late magmatic or magmatic-hydrothermal (~ 800 to 600 °C), to purely hydrothermal (< 600 °C) conditions. Magnetite cooling trends are consistent with genetic models invoking a combined igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal origin that involve Fe-rich fluids sourced from intermediate silicate magmas. The data demonstrate the potential of magnetite thermometry to better constrain the thermal evolution of IOA systems worldwide, and help refine the geological models used to find new resources.

10.1038/s41598-021-97883-3

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Citations (17)

チリの酸化鉄-燐灰石(IOA)鉱床の磁鉄鉱地球化学のレビューと鉱石形成プロセスに対するその意味【JST・京大機械翻訳】

Ore Geology Reviews (2020)

Gisella Palma Fernando Barra Reich Martin C Simon Adam Romero Rurik

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A Methodology for Similarity Area Searching Using Statistical Distance Measures: Application to Geological Exploration

Natural Resources Research (2024)

Felipe Navarro Gonzalo Díaz Marcia Ojeda Felipe Garrido D. Comte