Abstract The coastal areas of SE Norway provide suitable conditions for studying soil development with time, because unweathered land surfaces have continuously been raised above sea level by glacio‐isostatic uplift since the termination of the last ice age. We investigated Podzol development in a chronosequence of six soils on sandy beach deposits with ages ranging from 2,300 to 9,650 y at the W coast of the Oslofjord. The climate in this area is rather mild with a mean annual temperature of 6°C and an annual precipitation of 975 mm (Sandefjord). The youngest soil showed no evidence of podzolization, while slight lightening of the A horizon of the second soil (3,800 years) indicated initial leaching of organic matter (OM). In the 4,300 y–old soil also Fe and humus accumulation in the B horizon were perceptible, but only the 6,600 y–old and older soils exhibited spodic horizons. Accumulation of OM in the A horizons reached a steady state in <2,300 y, while in the B horizons OM accumulated at increasing rates. pH dropped from 6.6 (H 2 O)/5.9 (KCl) in the recent beach sand to 4.5 (H 2 O)/3.8 (KCl) within approx. 4,500 y (pH H2O )/2,500 y (pH KCl ) and stayed constant thereafter, which was attributed to sesquioxide buffering. Base saturation showed an exponential decrease with time. Progressive weathering was reflected by increasing Fe d and Al d contents, and proceeding podzolization by increasing amounts of pyrophophate‐ and oxalate‐soluble Fe and Al with soil age. These increases could be best described for most Fe and Al fractions by exponential models. Only the increasing amounts of Fe p could be better described by a power function and those of Fe o by a linear model.
The shell beds in Østfold have been described since 1779. This article serves to describe and date three of the shell beds, with emphasis on the Kilebu site, described in detail by Øyen. All the shell beds have been nearly or completely emptied. Shell for radiocarbon dates and isotope measurements were either collected in the […]
We investigated the development of Albeluvisols and Podzols with time in southern Norway. The Vestfold region at the western shore of the Oslofjord was chosen because it is characterized by continuous glacio-isostatic uplift for the last 12,000 years. Due to the permanent elevation process, no distinct marine terraces have been built, and the age of the sediments continuously increases with distance from the modern coastline. Albeluvisol development was assessed in a soil chronosequence on loamy marine sediments with ages ranging from approximately 1,800 to 10,200 years. The most obvious change during soil development was that after 4,500 – 5,000 years light tongues intruded from the E horizon into the B horizon, and became more pronounced with time. The combined thickness of the A and E-horizons was constant at 40 ± 3 cm in 9 of the 12 profi les and did not change with age. The organic matter content of the A-horizons, the fi ne silt to coarse silt ratio of the Btg horizons and the Feo/Fed ratio all decreased with soil age, whereas the thickness of the organic surface horizon and B horizon, as well as the Fed/Fet ratio all increased. Podzol development was investigated in a chronosequence on sandy beach sediments, the ages of the soils ranging from 2,400 to 8,500 years. All soil properties investigated –the organic matter content of the B horizons, clay content, Feo, Alo, Sio, Feo/Fed and Fed/Fet – tend to increase with advancing podzolization, and are strongly correlated with soil age. Topsoil pH values decrease with age. The characteristic Bh and Bs horizons had developed after approximately 4,000 years.
�e progression of industrial, rural and agrarian development is studied from sediment cores collected from two kettlehole lakes, Doktortjonna and Sandtjonna, in the vicinity of the mining town of Roros, focusing on the period 1645–1977. �e results of palynological and geochemical analyses are compared with well-known historical documents to test whether the records from these natural archives match the documentary evidences. Vigorous forest clearance took place during the first 25 years of copper mining, but the evidence of escalating deforestation is less pronounced in the pollen diagram, probably due to the presence of long-distance tree (AP) pollen. On the other hand, the non-arboreal tree pollen (NAP) curves do reflect the dispersal of the agrarian plots fairly well. Forest regeneration is observed in the pollen record after the
A study on a Holocene soil chronosequence in S-Norway is used to test the capability of the model SoilGen to model the development of soils with clay illuviation. SoilGen models soil formation as a function of the soil forming factors. Thus, the latter had to be reconstructed for the time span of soil development. The factors ‘relief’ and ‘parent material’ were obtained by field and laboratory analyses, the factor ‘time’ was derived from existing sea level curves, and the factors climate and organisms were obtained from literature and from a recent palaeo-environmental study. The chronosequence has been established on loamy marine sediments, and shows Albeluvisol development with time. Clay illuviation starts within 1650 years. The characteristic albeluvic tongues start to form after 4600 to 6200 years. They develop preferably along cracks. Albeluvic material falls into the cracks, leading to the development of albeluvic tongues, which become deeper and wider with time. Development of pH, CEC and clay content with time as measured in the investigated pedons is compared with the model results in order to check, to which degree model results agree with observed results.
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