Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are prospective cathode materials for supercapacitors because of their outstanding theoretical specific capacitance and unique layered structure. However, the finite electroactive sites and cation species confine their practical application in supercapacitors. In this work, a hollow polyhedral ternary metallic Ni2CoMn1-LDH is prepared using zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) as the template. It has been found that the hollow dodecahedral structure constructed by thin nanosheets endows the Ni2CoMn1-LDH sample with abundant specific area and more ion-/electron-transport channels, which facilitate ion/electron transfer. Meanwhile, Ni2CoMn1-LDH can achieve the maximum synergistic effect of the different transition metals due to its optimal composition and content, which is conducive to improving the electrochemical behavior of supercapacitors. Benefiting from the advantages of their structure and composition, the as-prepared Ni2CoMn1-LDH electrode presents an excellent capacitance performance of 1634.4 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1. Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor fabricated with a Ni2CoMn1-LDH cathode and an activated carbon (AC) anode reveals a good specific capacitance of 123.4 F g–1 at 1 A g–1 and a maximum energy density of 43.9 Wh kg–1 at a power density of 800 W kg–1. Therefore, constructing ternary LDHs with a unique hollow structure and optimal element composition has a promising prospect in the industrial application of supercapacitors and large-scale energy-storage devices.
Under the background of the current promotion of global green, environmental protection, and energy conservation, the sustainable conversion of low-cost agricultural waste biomass into high value-added products has become a hot topic. Herein, agricultural waste camellia seed shells obtained after pressing oil are used to prepare porous carbon materials with a high specific surface area (SSA) and excellent electrochemical properties for the application of supercapacitors. The effects of different chemical activators and mass ratios on the pore structure and electrochemical properties of agricultural waste camellia seed shell-derived activated carbon (CSSC) were investigated. It has been found that the CSSC activated by KOH presents excellent physical and electrochemical performances, and the pore structures of all the prepared activated carbons were predominantly a combination of mesopores and micropores. Especially, owing to the high SSA (1219 m2 g–1) and porous structure of the CSSC–KOH-1:3 material, the electrode provides an outstanding specific capacitance of 305 F g–1 at a current density of 0.5 A g–1. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor assembled with CSSC–KOH-1:3 electrodes can deliver a high energy density (15.37 W h kg–1) and power density (12.9 kW kg–1), and it can still maintain high cycling stability even after 10,000 charge and discharge processes. Therefore, this work provides a significant exploration for the high-value application of the agricultural waste camellia seed shell and low-cost preparation of the porous carbon for the application of high-performance supercapacitors.
In recent years, nanoplastics (NPs) and triclosan (TCS, a pharmaceutical and personal care product) have emerged as environmental pollution issues, and their combined presence has raised widespread concern regarding potential risks to organisms. However, the combined toxicity and mechanisms of NPs and TCS remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of polystyrene NPs and TCS and their mechanisms on KGN cells, a human ovarian granulosa cell line. We exposed KGN cells to NPs (150 μg/mL) and TCS (15 μM) alone or together for 24 hours. Co-exposure significantly reduced cell viability. Compared with exposure to NPs or TCS alone, co-exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Interestingly, co-exposure to NPs and TCS produced synergistic effects. We examined the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), two antioxidant enzymes; it was significantly decreased after co-exposure. We also noted an increase in the lipid oxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) after co-exposure. Furthermore, co-exposure to NPs and TCS had a more detrimental effect on mitochondrial function than the individual treatments. Co-exposure activated the NRF2–KEAP1–HO-1 antioxidant stress pathway. Surprisingly, the expression of SESTRIN2, an antioxidant protein, was inhibited by co-exposure treatments. Co-exposure to NPs and TCS significantly increased the autophagy-related proteins LC3B-II and LC3B-Ⅰ and decreased P62. Moreover, co-exposure enhanced CASPASE-3 expression and inhibited the BCL-2/BAX ratio. In summary, our study revealed the synergistic toxic effects of NPs and TCS in vitro exposure. Our findings provide insight into the toxic mechanisms associated with co-exposure to NPs and TCS to KGN cells by inducing oxidative stress, activations of the NRF2-KEAP1-HO-1 pathway, autophagy, and apoptosis.
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