The importance of protecting ecosystem services has been increasingly recognized due to their substantial benefits for human beings. Traditional conservation planning methods for locating and designing prioritized areas focus on high-value areas. However, ecosystem services have an intrinsic correlation of trade-offs and synergies among them; thus, solely selecting high-value areas cannot ensure efficiency in the conservation of multiple ecosystem services. Pursuing the protection of one ecosystem service may compromise the effectiveness of conserving others. Therefore, this study aims to develop a method for identifying the optimal ecosystem service protected areas in more efficient ways by quantifying the spatial relationships of ecosystem services on a local scale. We examined the correlations between all possible paired combinations of four ecosystem services using the Local Moran’s I and classified them into five cluster types in the Yangtze River Basin. To address conflicting solutions for multiple ecosystem service goals, we employed systematic conservation planning to identify priority areas for ecosystem service protection, following the principles of representativeness, complementarity, and persistence. By establishing scenarios that optimize each and all ecosystem services at target levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, we observed that any two of the four services were positively correlated, occupying vast areas in the Yangtze River Basin. However, the high-value areas of each ecosystem service did not coincide in their spatial distributions. Under the same target, more high-value areas could be selected as the best solutions by only optimizing a single ecosystem service. The degree of overlap between priority areas varied considerably across optimizations for individual ecosystem services, particularly when setting lower targets. Our findings suggest that integrated conservation planning for all ecosystem services is more efficient than layering multiple single plans. Understanding the correlations between ecosystem services can lead to more effective management and sustainable decision making.
Abstract Mesozoic epithermal gold deposits in eastern China are divided into calc‐alkaline and alkaline magma‐related gold deposits, and are also grouped as low‐sulfidation, intermediate‐sulfidation and high‐sulfidation types, of which the first two predominate. These gold deposits are distributed in the Tianshan–Yinshan–Great Xing’anling Variscan fold belt of North China craton, Qinling‐Dabie Indo‐Sinian fold belt of Yangtze craton, and South China fold belt or Cathaysian block, from north to south along the eastern China continent. Most of the epithermal gold orebodies are hosted either in volcanic rocks or their related granitoids, and volcanic breccia pipes. These orebodies are mainly associated with adularia–chalcedony–sericite, and alunite–kaolinite–quartz alteration. These orebodies formed in four mineralization pulses at 175, 145–135, 127–115, and 110–94 Ma. The first three pulses correspond to the post‐collision period between the North China and Yangtze cratons, an extension period during late‐stage rotation of the principal compressional stress from N‐S to E‐W, and a dramatic thinning period of the lithosphere, respectively. The last mineralizing pulse was the result of another extension in South China. Although the mineralizing pulses occurred at different times, they all occurred in extensional settings and were accompanied by crust and the mantle interaction.
The geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Kunlun Orogen Belt (EKOB) during the late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic remains controversial. Here, we present new zircon UPb, element geochemical, and SrNdHf isotopic data for the Kaerqueka gabbros, granodiorites, and their mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in the Qiman Tahg area of Qinghai Province (QTQP), western EKOB, with a view to constrain their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. New LA–ICP–MS zircon UPb ages indicate that the Kaerqueka gabbro, granodiorite, and its MMEs were emplaced at 257 ± 2, 244 ± 1, and 245–244 Ma, respectively. Based on our new ages and published data, three major episodes of magmatism ( ca . 263–249, 247–240, and 237–211 Ma) during the Late Permian–Triassic are recognized in the EKOB. The gabbros are characterized by low SiO 2 concentrations and are potassic with high K 2 O contents and K 2 O/Na 2 O ratios. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large‐ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and have ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i of 0.70737–0.70851, εNd (t) of −2.8 to −2.7 and εHf (t) of +0.7 to +2.9, indicating that the gabbros were derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle which was affected by slab‐derived fluids or melts. The MMEs and host granodiorites are enriched in LREEs and depleted in high‐field‐strength elements and have ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i of 0.71090–0.71129, εNd (t) of −6.58 to −5.21, and εHf (t) of −5.3 to −1.8. Indistinguishable crystallization age, trace element pattern and isotopic compositions between the MMEs and host granodiorites indicate that they are cogenetic and were dominantly originated from the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic juvenile mafic lower crust. Combined with our new results and published geological, geochronological, and geochemical data, we propose that the subduction of the Palaeo‐Tethyan Ocean lasted from Late Permian to Early Triassic, and that the onset of the collision mostly occurred during the Middle Triassic in the EKOB.
The Tiantang Cu–Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit in western Guangdong, South China, is hosted in the contact zone between the monzogranite porphyry and limestone of the Devonian Tianziling Formation. Orebodies occur in the skarn and skarnized marble as bedded, lenses, and irregular shapes. In this study, we performed LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating, zircon trace elements, and Hf isotopic analyses on the Tiantang monzogranite porphyry closely related to Cu–Pb–Zn mineralization. Twenty-two zircons from the sample yield excellent concordia results with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 104.5 ± 0.7 Ma, which shows that the emplacement of the monzogranite porphyry in the Tiantang deposit occurred in the Early Cretaceous. The zircon U–Pb age is largely consistent with the sulphide Rb–Sr isochron ages, indicating that both the intrusion and Cu–Pb–Zn mineralization were formed during the Early Cretaceous in South China. The εHf(t) values of three inherited zircons from the monzogranite porphyry are 13.1, 11.9, and 12.9, respectively, and the two-stage Hf model ages are 1096 Ma, 1087 Ma, and 1055 Ma, respectively. Except for the three inherited zircons, all εHf(t) values of zircons are negative and have a range of −7.6 to −3.4, with the two-stage model ages (TDM2) of 1380–1643 Ma, which indicates the rock-forming materials were mainly derived from the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic crust rocks, and probably included some Neoproterozoic arc-related volcanic-sedimentary materials. In this study, the monzogranite porphyry from the Tiantang deposit has calculated Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios of zircon ranging from 91 to 359, indicative of a more oxidized signature and significant prospecting potential for ore-related magmatism. Based on ore deposit geology, isotope geochemistry, and geochronology of the Tiantang Cu–Pb–Zn deposit and regional geodynamic evolution, the formation of Early Cretaceous magmatism and associated polymetallic mineralization in South China is believed to be related to large-scale continental extension and subsequent upwelling of the asthenosphere.
The Tiantang Cu–Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit in western Guangdong, South China, is hosted in the contact zone between the monzogranite porphyry and limestone of the Devonian Tianziling Formation. Orebodies occur in the skarn and skarnized marble as bedded, lenses, and irregular shapes. In this study, we performed LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating, zircon trace elements, and Hf isotopic analyses on the Tiantang monzogranite porphyry closely related to Cu–Pb–Zn mineralization. Twenty-two zircons from the sample yield excellent concordia results with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 104.5 ± 0.7 Ma, which shows that the emplacement of the monzogranite porphyry in the Tiantang deposit occurred in the Early Cretaceous. The zircon U–Pb age is largely consistent with the sulphide Rb–Sr isochron ages, indicating that both the intrusion and Cu–Pb–Zn mineralization were formed during the Early Cretaceous in South China. The εHf(t) values of three inherited zircons from the monzogranite porphyry are 13.1, 11.9, and 12.9, respectively, and the two-stage Hf model ages are 1096 Ma, 1087 Ma, and 1055 Ma, respectively. Except for the three inherited zircons, all εHf(t) values of zircons are negative and have a range of −7.6 to −3.4, with the two-stage model ages (TDM2) of 1380–1643 Ma, which indicates the rock-forming materials were mainly derived from the partial melting of Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic crust rocks, and probably included some Neoproterozoic arc-related volcanic-sedimentary materials. In this study, the monzogranite porphyry from the Tiantang deposit has calculated Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios of zircon ranging from 91 to 359, indicative of a more oxidized signature and significant prospecting potential for ore-related magmatism. Based on ore deposit geology, isotope geochemistry, and geochronology of the Tiantang Cu–Pb–Zn deposit and regional geodynamic evolution, the formation of Early Cretaceous magmatism and associated polymetallic mineralization in South China is believed to be related to large-scale continental extension and subsequent upwelling of the asthenosphere.
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