Abstract: Magnesioferrite, a rare metasomatic mineral, was discovered for the first time in China from the Qinlou Au (Fe, Cu) magnesian skarn deposit, Sanpu, Huaibei, Auhui Province, and the Mulonggou Fe (Mo, Cu) magnesian skarn deposit, Luonan County, Shaanxi Province. In this paper, the geological setting, mineral associations, chemical composition, some physical properties, X‐ray powder diffraction data and infrared spectroscopy of magnesioferrite and magnesiomagnetite are discussed. Magnesioferrite contains 17.66%–13.48% of MgO. Its main associated minerals are clinohumite, chondrodite, serpentine, calcite and magnesiomagnetite. The density of magnesioferrite is 4.537–4.720, reflectances in percent are: 17.8–18.1, hardness is 838–900 kg/mm 2 , and the cell parameter a o = 8.371–8.379 Å. A systematic study of the magnesioferrite‐magnesiomagnetite‐magnetite series suggests that along with the increase of magnesioferrite molecules in the mineral, the density, reflectances and cell parameters decrease correspondingly, the hardness heightens, and the infrared absorption spectral band becomes wider. The authors consider that magnesioferrite is a product of contact metasomatism between hypabyssal intermediate‐acid intrusions and dolomitic marble. It was formed in shallow exocontact zones under relatively oxidized conditions.
Abstract: Anatase and its allomorphic mineral rutile have the most prominent economic significance among titanium mineral resources and constitute one of the badly needed mineral resources currently in China. The Yantizishan‐Moshishan anatase deposit was formerly referred to as an iron deposit Based on recent investigation and exploration the authors believe that it is actually a large metamorphosed sedimentary anatase‐dominated deposit belonging to a new genetic type. Ore bodies occur in stratoid and lenticular forms in Mesoproterozoic (1751 Ma) schist, metasandstone (metasiltstone), and amphibolite. Rich ores have perthitic structure comprising chiefly interbedded quartz perthite (with disseminated anatase and rutile) and anatase perthite. Ore minerals are mainly anatase and subordinately rutile and ilmenite (±hematite), while nonmetallic minerals are chiefly quartz with a certain amount of anthophyllite and biotite (±garnet). The grain sizes of anatase, rutile and ilmenite are 0.01–0.1 mm. Rich ores contain 3.14% to 15.46% TiO 2 , averaging 6.91%, while the low‐grade ores have TiO 2 content about 1.2%to 2.97%, averaging 1.76%. The ores have relatively high TFe and V contents. Trace elements in anatase and rutile such as Nb and Cr were analyzed by the electron microprobe. According to their relatively low Nb and Cr contents, source anatase and rutile must have come from meta‐mafic rocks. Trace elements of the associated ilmenite show relatively high MnO and low MgO contents, just in contrast to those of ilmenite in V‐Ti‐magnetite ores of magmatic origin. The protoliths of amphibolite wall rocks should be basalt and picrite‐basalt. Pertochemical data suggest that the tectonic setting of these rocks belongs to an island arc or a transitional belt between the island arc and oceanic ridge. Silicon isotope study shows that δ 30 Si values of different anatase ores, quartzite, and schist in this deposit are 0.1‰ to ‐0.9‰, similar to those of marine hydrothermal exhalative sedimentary deposits. All of these geological and geochemical characteristics of the ore deposit suggest that the anatase ores and amphibolite are products of submarine basic volcanism. The ores had chemical precipitation features, but were later subjected to regional intermediate (or somewhat lower) grade metamorphism (1158 Ma). Rutile was formed mainly in the process of this metamorphism. The ore belt locally underwent hydrothermal modification during the emplacement of Late Yanshanian granite (118 Ma).
Skarns, ores and hydrothermally metasomatic rocks associated with some major skarn iron deposits in China contain abundant volatile components, such as F, Cl and H2O. Alkaline (sodic or potassic) metasomatism is obviously evident in the magmatic and other alumo-silicate wall rocks. They may serve as important ore-searching indicators. In this paper, the probable source of iron fluids, transport forms of iron and conditions of precipitation of magnetite are also discussed. From the studies of major skarn iron deposits in China, the authors hold that volatile components, such as F, Cl, H2O, etc., and alkaline (K, Na) metasomatism play a very important role in the formation of this type of iron deposits[1, 2, 3].
Abstract A granite‐related scheelite deposit has been recently discovered in the Wuyi metallogenic belt of southeast China. The veinlet–disseminated scheelite occurs mainly in the inner and outer contact zones of the porphyritic biotite granite, spatially associated with potassic feldspathization and silicification. Re–Os dating of molybdenite intergrowths with scheelite yield a well‐constrained isochron age of 170.4 ± 1.2 Ma, coeval with the LA–MC–ICP–MS concordant zircon age of porphyritic biotite granite (167.6 ± 2.2 Ma), indicating that the Lunwei W deposit was formed in the Middle Jurassic (~170 Ma). We identify three stages of ore formation (from early to late): (I) the quartz–K‐feldspar–scheelite stage; (II) the quartz–polymetallic sulfide stage; and (III) the quartz–carbonate stage. Based on petrographic observations and microthermometric criteria, the fluid inclusions in the scheelite and quartz are determined to be mainly aqueous two‐phase (liquid‐rich and gas‐rich) fluid inclusions, with minor gas‐pure and CO 2 ‐bearing fluid inclusions. Ore‐forming fluids in the Lunwei W deposit show a successive decrease in temperature and salinity from Stage I to Stage III. The homogenization temperature decreases from an average of 299 °C in Stage I, through 251 °C in Stage II, to 212 °C in Stage III, with a corresponding change in salinity from an average of 5.8 wt.%, through 5.2 wt.%, to 3.4 wt.%. The ore‐forming fluids have intermediate to low temperatures and low salinities, belonging to the H 2 O–NaCl ± CO 2 system. The δ 18 O H2O values vary from 1.8‰ to 3.3‰, and the δD V‐SMOW values vary from –66‰ to –76‰, suggesting that the ore‐forming fluid was primarily of magmatic water mixed with various amounts of meteoric water. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides (δ 34 S ranging from –1.1‰ to +2.4‰) and Re contents in molybdenite (1.45–19.25 µg/g, mean of 8.97 µg/g) indicate that the ore‐forming materials originated mainly in the crust. The primary mechanism for mineral deposition in the Lunwei W deposit was a decrease in temperature and the mixing of magmatic and meteoric water. The Lunwei deposit can be classified as a porphyry‐type scheelite deposit and is a product of widespread tungsten mineralization in South China. We summarize the geological characteristics of typical W deposits (the Xingluokeng, Shangfang, and Lunwei deposits) in the Wuyi metallogenic belt and suggest that porphyry and skarn scheelite deposits should be considered the principal exploration targets in this area.
The Jiaoli Ag-Pb-Zn-W skarn deposit is located in southern Jiangxi Province, China. The orebodies occur in the exocontact zone between a Yanshanian (171. 6-173. 3 Ma) granodiorite and Upper Cambrian metasandstone and crystalline limestone. Skarn mineralization zoning in the deposit is very pronounced. From the intrusive contract zone to country wall rocks, two ore-bearing skarn zones may be distinguished: proximal scheelite-bearing calcic skarn zone and Ag-Pb-Zn-bearing manganoan skarn zone. The W-bearing calcic skarn is composed of grossular, andradite, diopside , wollastonite, scheelite, and f luorite; while the Ag-Pb-Zn-bearing manganoan skarn consists mainly of manganoan grossular, spessartine, manganoan actinolite, and manganoan vesuvianite, associated with sphalerite, galena, pyrrhotite, argentite, silver, and minor scheelite. Study of the fluid inclusions suggests that ore-bearing fluids flowed from the deep contract zone of the intrusion in the west to the shallow depth in the east. With decreasing temperatures and salinities, the peak values of homogenization temperatures in the W-bearing calcic skarn are 420-340℃. Their salinities range from 12. 7% - 8 % (NaCleq ). In the Ag-Pb-Zn-bearing manganoan skarn, the peak values of homogenization temperatures are 360°-320℃ with salinities being 11. 7%-4. 5% (NaCleq). While for late ore-bearing retrograde hydrothermal metasomatic products, fluolite and quartz, their homogenization temperatures range from 380 to 180℃.
The metamorphosed sedimentary type of iron deposits (BIF) is the most important type of iron deposits in the world, and super-large iron ore clusters of this type include the Quadrilatero Ferrifero district and Carajas in Brazil, Hamersley in Australia, Kursk in Russia, Central Province of India and Anshan-Benxi in China. Subordinated types of iron deposits are magmatic, volcanic-hosted and sedimentary ones. This paper briefly introduces the geological characteristics of major super-large iron ore clusters in the world. The proven reserves of iron ores in China are relatively abundant, but they are mainly low-grade ores. Moreover, a considerate part of iron ores are difficult to utilize for their difficult ore dressing, deep burial or other reasons. Iron ore deposits are relatively concentrated in 11 metallogenic provinces (belts), such as the Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, Xichang-Central Yunnan Province and middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main minerogenetic epoches vary widely from the Archean to Quaternary, and are mainly the Late Archean to Middle Proterozoic, Variscan, and Yanshanian periods. The main 7 genetic types of iron deposits in China are metamorphosed sedimentary type (BIF), magmatic type, volcanic-hosted type, skarn type, hydrothermal type, sedimentary type and weathered leaching type. The iron-rich ores occur predominantly in the skarn and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits, locally in the metamorphosed sedimentary type (BIF) as hydrothermal reformation products. The theory of minerogenetic series of mineral deposits and minerogenic models has applied in investigation and prospecting of iron ore deposits. A combination of deep analyses of aeromagnetic anomalies and geomagnetic anomalies, with gravity anomalies are an effective method to seeking large and deep-buried iron deposits. China has a relatively great ore-searching potential of iron ores, especially for metamorphosed sedimentary, skarn, and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits. For the lower guarantee degree of iron and steel industry, China should give a trading and open the foreign mining markets.
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