Abstract Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) is a low-cost, high-throughput genotyping method that relies on restriction enzymes to reduce genome complexity. GBS is being widely used for various genetic and breeding applications. In the present study, 2240 individuals from eight maize populations, including two association populations (AM), backcross first generation (BC1), BC1F2, F2, double haploid (DH), intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM), and a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, were genotyped using GBS. A total of 955,120 of raw data for SNPs was obtained for each individual, with an average genotyping error of 0.70%. The rate of missing genotypic data for these SNPs was related to the level of multiplex sequencing: ~ 25% missing data for 96-plex and ~ 55% for 384-plex. Imputation can greatly reduce the rate of missing genotypes to 12.65% and 3.72% for AM populations and bi-parental populations, respectively, although it increases total genotyping error. For analysis of genetic diversity and linkage mapping, unimputed data with a low rate of genotyping error is beneficial, whereas, for association mapping, imputed data would result in higher marker density and would improve map resolution. Because imputation does not influence the prediction accuracy, both unimputed and imputed data can be used for genomic prediction. In summary, GBS is a versatile and efficient SNP discovery approach for homozygous materials and can be effectively applied for various purposes in maize genetics and breeding.
The loss of Arctic sea ice is conducive to more Arctic evaporation, which can alter precipitation through moisture cycling and transport. However, the extent of this influence remains uncertain. Our work focuses on Arctic seas where seasonal sea ice has retreated significantly. The Arctic evaporation was tracked to establish a link between changes in both sea ice and precipitation over land during the cold season (October to March). Our results show a significant one-third increase in Arctic moisture contribution to land precipitation. Despite Arctic moisture comprising a relatively small proportion of land precipitation, its heightened contribution significantly influenced the precipitation, especially over lands adjacent to the Arctic. Our findings highlight that the progressively ice-free Arctic tends to contribute to a gradual yet discernible shift in the climatological land precipitation, which may lead to an elevated risk of extreme disasters.
Abstract Diminishing Arctic sea ice has led to enhanced evaporation from the Arctic marginal seas (AMS), which is expected to alter precipitation over land. In this work, AMS evaporation is numerically tracked to quantify its contribution to cold-season (October–March) precipitation over land in the Northern Hemisphere during 1980–2021. Results show a significant 32% increase in AMS moisture contribution to land precipitation, corresponding to a 16% increase per million square km loss of sea ice area. Especially over the high-latitude land, despite the fractional contribution of AMS to precipitation being relatively low (8%), the augmented AMS evaporation contributed disproportionately (42%) to the observed upward trend in precipitation. Notably, northern East Siberia exhibited a substantial rise in both the amount and fraction of extreme snowfall sourced from the AMS. Our findings underscore the importance of the progressively ice-free Arctic as an important contributor to the escalating levels of cold-season precipitation and snowfall over northern high-latitude land.
Background BAG3 is an essential regulator of cell survival and has been investigated in the context of heart disease and cancer. Our previous study used immunoprecipitation-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to show that BAG3 might directly interact with INTS7 and regulate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSCs) proliferation. However, whether BAG3 bound INTS7 directly and how it regulated BMMSCs expansion was unclear. Methods BAG3 expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR in BMMSCs after siRNA-mediated BAG3 knockdown. BMMSC proliferation was determined using the CCK-8 and colony formation assays. The transwell migration, flow cytometry and TUNEL assays were performed to measure BMMSC migration, cell cycle and apoptosis, respectively. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation, protein half-life assay and western blotting analyses were used to determine the regulatory mechanism underlying the BAG3-mediated increase in BMMSC proliferation. Results The results showed that knocking down BAG3 in BMMSCs markedly decreased their proliferative activity, colony formation and migratory capacity, and induced cell apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest. Meanwhile, overexpression of BAG3 had the opposite effect. Bioinformatics and BAG3-INTS7 co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that BAG3 directly interacted with INTS7. Moreover, the downregulation of BAG3 inhibited the expression of INTS7 and promoted its ubiquitination. We also observed that BAG3 knockdown increased the levels of reactive oxygen species and the extent of DNA damage in BMMSCs. Notably, the upregulation of INTS7 or the addition of an antioxidant scavenger could rescue the BMMSC phenotype induced by BAG3 downregulation. Conclusions BAG3 directly interacts with INTS7 and promotes BMMSC expansion by reducing oxidative stress.
Abstract The Southeast Tibetan Plateau (SETP) is a major region where many low-latitude glaciers are located, with spring precipitation being a major input of the glacier mass balance. This study shows that early spring precipitation has decreased significantly since 1999, which is attributed to declined moisture contribution from the far-field sources (west of 70°E) induced by the weakened subtropical westerlies. The possible physical mechanism underlying this change has also been revealed. It is found that snow-cover extent (SCE) in March reduced in midlatitude Eurasia after 1999; meanwhile, strong solar radiation during this month may have exacerbated snow melting through snow albedo–radiation interactions. These two processes led to warming and caused a strong anticyclone over midlatitude Eurasia that weakened the subtropical westerlies near 30°N. This decadal change in the subtropical westerlies led to a decrease in moisture transport upstream. As a result, the windward slopes of large terrain along the latitudinal belt near 30°N received less precipitation, and the decrease in SETP precipitation was part of this change. A further analysis shows that the positive correlation between the westerlies and precipitation has weakened since 1999. Significance Statement The purpose of this study is to reveal the decreased early spring precipitation and explore its possible physical mechanism in the Southeast Tibetan Plateau (SETP), which is crucial to understand the shrinkage of the local glacier. Our results indicate that the reduction of snow cover in midlatitude Eurasia since 1999 and the strong solar radiation in March contributed to the weakening subtropical westerlies, which further resulted in the decreasing precipitation in the SETP and other windward slopes of large terrain along the latitudinal 30°N belt in Eurasia.
Abstract. To investigate the mechanical properties of sea ice in the current summer Arctic, two ice blocks were lifted using ship crane during an Arctic expedition in the summer of 2021. Examination of ice crystal structure showed a granular ice layer at the top underlain by a columnar ice layer. Sea ice samples were then machined from the ice blocks for mechanical experiments performed in the laboratory. Three-point bending tests were conducted at ice temperatures of −12 to −3 ºC, and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted at ice temperatures of −8 to −3 ºC with a strain rate range of 10−6–10−2 s−1. The ice density and salinity of each sample were measured to determine brine and gas volume fraction as well as porosity. Results showed that sea ice flexural strength decreased with increasing porosity, but did not change with varying brine or gas volume fractions. A parameterization was proposed to relate sea ice flexural strength to porosity. The sea ice strain modulus was also independent on porosity and volume fractions of gas and brine. The uniaxial compressive strength decreased with increasing porosity at both ductile and brittle strain rate regimes. Furthermore, three-dimensional surfaces were obtained to depict the sea ice uniaxial compressive strength varying with porosity and strain rate, based on which the transition strain rate from ductile to brittle behaviors was determined. It was found that the transition strain rate decreased with increasing porosity. Comparisons with previous studies on sea ice strength showed that the previously reported equations for sea ice flexural strength and strain modulus did not agree with the measured data. Compared with the strength calculated using early reported sea ice porosity, the flexural strength and uniaxial compressive strength of summer Arctic sea ice decreased in recent decades, which probably brings positive feedback to the Arctic navigation.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and aberrant glycosylation both play important roles in tumor metastasis. In this study, the role of miR-23a in N-glycosylation and the metastasis of mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells was investigated. The miRNA expression array profiles that were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot analyses revealed higher miR-23a expression levels in Hca-P cells (with lymphatic metastasis potential) than in Hepa1-6 cells (with no lymphatic metastasis potential), while the expression of mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (Mgat3) was negatively associated with metastasis potential. Mgat3 is a key glycosyltransferase in the synthesis of the bisecting (β1,4GlcNAc branching) N-glycan structure. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that Mgat3 may be a target of miR-23a, and this hypothesis was verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. Furthermore, we found that the transcription factor Runx2 can directly bind to the miR-23a gene promoter and promote its expression, as shown in dual-luciferase reporter gene assays and ChIP assays. Collectively, these results indicate that miR-23a might increase the metastatic potential of mouse HCC by affecting the branch formation of N-glycan chains presented on the cell surface through the targeting of the glycosyltransferase Mgat3. These findings may provide insight into the relationship between abnormal miRNA expression and aberrant glycosylation during tumor lymphatic metastasis.