Abstract: Previous studies have obtained some petrogenetic and metallogenic chronological data with SHRIMP (sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe) zircon U‐Pb, zircon LA‐ICPMS (laser‐ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy) U‐Pb, molybdenite Re‐Os isochron and muscovite Ar‐Ar methods in southern Jiangxi Province and its adjacent areas. Based on these, the purpose of this paper is to study the petrogenetic and metallogenic ages and their time gap for different genetic types of W‐Sn deposits, and thus to research their numerous episodes, zonal arrangement and their geodynamic background. The result shows that the large‐scale W‐Sn mineralization in southern Jiangxi Province occurred in the middle to late Jurassic (170–150 Ma), the skarn W‐Sn‐polymetallic deposits formed much earlier (170–161 Ma), and all of the wolframite – quartz vein type, greisen type, altered granite type and fractured zone type tungsten deposits formed in the late Jurassic (160–150 Ma). In one ore field or ore district, greisen type tungsten deposits formed earlier than quartz vein type ones hosted in the endo‐ or exo‐contact zone; and quartz vein type hosted in the endocontact zone formed earlier than that of exocontact zone. There is no significant time difference between tungsten‐tin mineralization and its intimately associated parent granite emplacement (1–6 Ma). They all formed in the same rock‐forming and ore‐forming system and under the same geodynamic setting. Regionally, rock‐forming and ore‐forming processes of the W‐Sn deposits in the Nanling region (include southern Jiangxi Province, southern Hunan Province, northern Guangdong Province and eastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) exhibit numerous episodes. The mineralization in the Nanling region mainly occurred at (240–210) Ma, (170–150) Ma and (130–90) Ma. The tungsten‐tin deposits in this region are centered by the largest scale in southern Jiangxi Province and southern Hunan Province, and become small in the east, west, south and north directions. This displays a zonal arrangement and temporal and spatial distribution regularity. Integrated with the latest research results, it is concluded that the W‐Sn mineralization in southern Jiangxi Province and its adjacent areas corresponds to the second large‐scale mineralization in South China. The Indosinian W‐Sn mineralization formed under the extensional tectonic regime between collisional compressional stages, while the Yanshanian large‐scale petrogenetic and metallogenic processes occurred in the Jurassic intraplate extensional geodynamic setting of lithosphere extension.
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, whose bulb is used in a well-known traditional Chinese medicine to relieve cough and eliminate phlegm, is one of the most important medicinal plants of Fritillaria L. The species is widely distributed among the alpine regions in southwestern China and possesses complex morphological variations in different distributions. A series of newly related species were reported, based on obscure morphological differences. As a result, F. cirrhosa and its closely related species constitute a taxonomically complex group. However, it is difficult to accurately identify these species and reveal their phylogenetic relationships using traditional taxonomy. Molecular markers and gene fragments have been adopted but they are not able to afford sufficient phylogenetic resolution in the genus. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequences of F. cirrhosa and its closely related species using next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Eight plastid genomes ranged from 151,058 bp to 152,064 bp in length and consisted of 115 genes. Gene content, gene order, GC content, and IR/SC boundary structures were highly similar among these genomes. SSRs and five large repeat sequences were identified and the total number of them ranged from 73 to 79 and 63 to 75, respectively. Six highly divergent regions were successfully identified that could be used as potential genetic markers of Fritillaria. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that eight Fritillaria species were clustered into three clades with strong supports and F. cirrhosa was closely related to F. przewalskii and F. sinica. Overall, this study indicated that the complete chloroplast genome sequence was an efficient tool for identifying species in taxonomically complex groups and exploring their phylogenetic relationships.
Abstract The Yinkeng orefield in Yudu County, Jiangxi Province, SE China, is a zone of concentrated Au‐Ag‐Pb‐Zn‐Cu‐Mn polymetallic ores. Based on summing up basic geology and ore geology of the orefield, the polymetallic deposits in the orefield have been divided into seven major substyles according to their occurring positions and control factors. The ore‐forming fluid inclusion styles in the orefield include those of two‐phase fluid, liquid CO 2 ‐bearing three‐phase and daughter mineral‐bearing multi‐phase. The homogenization temperatures range from 382° to 122°C, falling into five clusters of 370° to 390°, 300° to 360°, 230° to 300°, 210° to 290° and 120° to 200°, and the clusters of 300° to 360°, 230° to 300° and 120° to 200° are three major mineralization stages, with fluid salinity peaks from 4.14% to 7.31%, 2.07% to 7.31% and 0.53% to 3.90%, respectively. The ore‐forming fluids are mainly type of NaCl‐H 2 O with medium to high density (0.74–1.02 g/cm 3 ), or CO 2 ‐bearing NaCl‐H 2 O with medium to low density (0.18–0.79 g/cm 3 ). The fluid salinity and density both show a decline tendency with decreasing temperature. According to the measurement and calculation of H‐ and O‐isotopic compositions in the quartz of the quartz‐sulfide veins, δD V‐SMOW of the ore‐forming fluid is from –84‰ to –54‰, and δ 18 O V‐SMOW of that is from 6.75‰ to 9.21‰, indicating a magmatic fluid. The δ 34 S V‐SDT of sulfides in the ores fall into two groups, one is from –4.4‰ to 2.2‰ with average of –1.42‰, and the other from 18.8‰ to 21.6‰ with average of 19.8‰. The S‐isotopic data shows one peak at –4.4‰ to 2.2‰ (meaning –1.42‰) suggesting a simple magmatic sulfur source. The ore Pb‐isotopic ratios are 206 Pb/ 204 Pb from 17.817 to 17.983, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb from 15.470 to 15.620 and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb from 38.072 to 38.481, indicating characteristics of mantle‐derived lead. The data show that the major ore deposits in the orefield have a magmatic‐hydrothermal genesis and that the SHRIMP zircon age of the granodiorite porphyry, closely related to the mineralization, is 151.2±4.2 Ma (MSWD = 1.3), which can represent the formation ages of the ores and intrusion rocks. The study aids understanding of the ore‐forming processes of the major metallic ore deposits in the orefield.
The Zijinshan mine in Fujian Province in the southeast of China is the first recognized example of high sulfidation epithermal Cu-Au mineralization of Cretaceous age in mainland China. The Cu-Au mineralization occurs around a dacitic volcanic pipe in the central part of a calc-alkaline, trachydacitic to dacitic volcanic dome of Cretaceous age that has intruded an S-type Jurassic granite. The Cu-Au orebodies are subparallel, northwest-trending breccias, veins, and massively silicified rocks which have developed along extensional fractures in wide hydrothermal alteration zones. At depth the dacite porphyry pipe changes downward into a potassic-altered granodiorite porphyry associated with porphyry copper-style mineralization, indicating a close spatial and temporal association between high sulfidation Cu-Au and porphyry copper mineralization.Zoning of hydrothermal alteration and ore mineralization assemblages at Zijinshan is typically recognized from the deep and central zones toward shallower and outer portions within the epithermal system. A deep sericite + quartz + pyrite assemblage in the phyllic alteration zone gives way upward to a dickite + quartz + pyrite + or - zunyite + or - sericite assemblage in the dickite alteration zone and successively to the alunite + quartz + pyrite assemblage in the funnel-shaped alunite alteration zone at depths between 350 and 1,200 m from the land surface. High sulfidation copper mineralization is typically developed within the alunite alteration zone and shows a gradual change of ore mineralogy from digenite and enargite preferentially at deeper levels to covellite and gold in shallow levels. The silicic alteration and associated gold mineralization are restricted at shallow depths (less than 350 m). Vertical metal zoning in the sequence Au-Ag-As --> Cu --> Cu-Pb-Zn is also recognized within the silicic and alunite alteration zones.Paleogeographic reconstruction indicates depths of 2 was probably formed by phase separation of a deep magmatic fluid and subsequently ascended northwestward. The upwelling magmatic vapors condensed into meteoric water at shallow levels (higher than 1,700 m below the paleosurface), forming the high sulfidation epithermal fluids (
Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus is a famous type of traditional Chinese medicine used for cough relief and eliminating phlegm. The medicine originates from dried bulbs of five species and one variety of Fritillaria. Recently, immature bulbs from other congeneric species, such as F. ussuriensis, have been sold as adulterants of Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus in medicine markets owing to the high price and limited availability of the genuine medicine. However, it is difficult to accurately identify the bulbs from different original species of Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus and its adulterants based on traditional methods, although such medicines have different prices and treatment efficacies. The present study adopted DNA barcoding to identify these different species and compared the discriminatory power of super, universal, and specific barcodes in Fritillaria. The results revealed that the super-barcode had strong discriminatory power (87.5%). Among universal barcodes, matK provided the best species resolution (87.5%), followed by ITS (62.5%), rbcL (62.5%), and trnH-psbA (25%). The combination of these four universal barcodes provided the highest discriminatory power (87.5%), which was equivalent to that of the super-barcode. Two plastid genes, ycf1 and psbM-psbD, had much better discriminatory power (both 87.5%) than did other plastid barcodes, and were suggested as potential specific barcodes for identifying Fritillaria species. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that F. cirrhosa was not a "good" species that was composed of multiple lineages, which might have affected the evaluation of the discriminatory ability. This study revealed that the complete plastid genome, as super barcode, was an efficient and reliable tool for identifying the original species of Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus and its adulterants.
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