We analyzed aftershocks and postseismic deformation recorded by the continuous GPS station AREQ following the M w = 8.4, 23 June 2001 Peru earthquake. This station moved by 50 cm trenchward, in a N235°E direction during the coseismic phase, and continued to move in the same direction for an additional 15 cm over the next 2 years. We compare observations with the prediction of a simple one‐dimensional (1‐D) system of springs, sliders, and dashpot loaded by a constant force, meant to simulate stress transfer during the seismic cycle. The model incorporates a seismogenic fault zone, obeying rate‐weakening friction, a zone of deep afterslip, the brittle creep fault zone (BCFZ) obeying rate‐strengthening friction, and a zone of viscous flow at depth, the ductile fault zone (DFZ). This simple model captures the main features of the temporal evolution of seismicity and deformation. Our results imply that crustal strain associated with stress accumulation during the interseismic period is probably not stationary over most of the interseismic period. The BCFZ appears to control the early postseismic response (afterslip and aftershocks), although an immediate increase, by a factor of about 1.77, of ductile shear rate is required, placing constraints on the effective viscosity of the DFZ. Following a large subduction earthquake, displacement of inland sites is trenchward in the early phase of the seismic cycle and reverse to landward after a time t i for which an analytical expression is given. This study adds support to the view that the decay rate of aftershocks may be controlled by reloading due to deep afterslip. Given the ratio of preseismic to postseismic viscous creep, we deduce that frictional stresses along the subduction interface account for probably 70% of the force transmitted along the plate interface.
The concept of urban resilience has gained increasing attention not only among academic researchers, but also among urban practitioners and policymakers since the 2010s, after its initial emergence in the 2000s, a time when cities faced different types of urban disturbances and felt the urgent need to address them with encompassing policies. Over the years, urban resilience has been embedded in the global urban landscape through various urban policies, programs, and practices. Today, urban governance incorporates elements of urban resilience by improving infrastructure, making urban and territorial plans, and formulating risk management strategies. Urban resilience has close intellectual ties with some earlier work dating back to the second half of the 20th century in other fields of study, such as the conceptions of resilience in ecological studies, science and technology studies, development studies, and sustainability studies. But it is the urban dimension that distinguishes the idea and practices of urban resilience from other notions of resilience. Based on the understanding that cities are complex networks, recent studies draw attention to key factors in operationalizing urban resilience, such as spatial and temporal scales, different urban systems and their multi-scalar networks, historical background, and local specificities. This annotated bibliography organizes the burgeoning publications on urban resilience into three parts: the basics, the practices, and the critique. The basics part contains four sections: General Overviews and Definitions presents the debates over definitions of urban resilience; Conceptual Foundations considers groundbreaking works on urban resilience since the 2000s; Urban Shocks and Stresses introduces the works that clarify what counts as the disturbance that concerns scholars of urban resilience; the works presented in Urban Materialities and Specificities address an often overlooked, yet important, conceptual question about the meaning of the urban that makes urban resilience different from other forms of resilience. The four sections of the second part focus on how scholars have studied resilient practices in cities and how these practices inform, and are informed by, academic work: beginning with Implementation and Governance of Urban Resilience, this part goes through different arenas of urban resilience, including Infrastructure, Risk Management, Planning Theory, and Planning Practices. The third part, The Critique of Urban Resilience, presents the academic literature that challenges the conceptualization of urban resilience, questions the real-world consequences of urban resilience practices, and addresses the limitation of urban resilience in Western-centric urban studies scholarship.
Other| January 01, 1980 Interpretation des donnees geodesiques obtenues a Djibouti apres la crise de novembre 1978, en termes d'un episode de rifting; un modele numerique A. Tarantola; A. Tarantola Author Inst. phys. Globe, Paris, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. C. Ruegg; J. C. Ruegg Author Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. C. Lepine J. C. Lepine Author Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (1980) S7-XXII (6): 985–986. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XXII.6.985 Article history first online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation A. Tarantola, J. C. Ruegg, J. C. Lepine; Interpretation des donnees geodesiques obtenues a Djibouti apres la crise de novembre 1978, en termes d'un episode de rifting; un modele numerique. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 1980;; S7-XXII (6): 985–986. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XXII.6.985 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentBy SocietyBulletin de la Société Géologique de France Search Advanced Search This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this article.
A trilateration network was set up in early 1982 by a team of French and Mexican institutions across the central part of the Gulf of California in order to study the plate boundary related movements in this transition area between the San Andreas fault system and the East Pacific Rise. The reobservation of this network in March 1986 provides a first set of data on the present day deformations in this area. Both surveys used AGA8 Laser geodimeter measurements between 11 stations located on elevated points of Baja California and Sonora and on the islands between the peninsula and mainland coasts. Deformation patterns during the 1982‐1986 interval, obtained through three different methods indicate mainly a right lateral shear movement in the Gulf axis direction N46°W. Between Baja California Peninsula and Angel de la Guarda Island 17 ± 4 cm of dextral slip occurred. Between the coast of Sonora and the central islands of the Gulf the mean displacement amount to about 23 ± 12 cm. In the southwestern part of the network, weaker movements seem to have occurred, and are smaller than estimated errors. This may indicate either that the boundary is locked in this part or is deflected towards the ESE. These results, which give an estimation of the relative plate velocity of 8 ± 3 cm/a, are consistent with the generally accepted relative movement between North American and Pacific plates (about 6 cm/a).
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