Abstract Audiovisual difficulty are especially common in older adults. Audiovisual difficulty seriously affect the quality of life of older adults in their later years. It is a top priority to find out the related factors, and to intervene and prevent them. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between recreational physical activities and audiovisual difficulty in older adults. We hope that older adults can reduce the risk of hearing and visual difficulty through scientific physical activity. A total of 4,886 people were sampled from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2018. Recreational physical activity was assessed through the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ); Hearing and visual difficulty were assessed using the Disability Questionnaire (DLQ). Chi-square test was used for categorical variables and rank sum test was used for measurement variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (bilateral test). After univariate analysis, binary Logistic regression analysis was performed with recreational physical activity as the independent variable, statistically significant demographic variable as the covariate, and hearing and visual difficulty as the dependent variable, respectively. (1) After excluding all confounding variables, recreational physical activity was significantly associated with hearing difficulty (P < 0.001), odds ratio (OR) 0.657 (95% CI 0.5899–0.733); (2) Recreational physical activity was significantly associated with visual difficulty (P < 0.001), OR 0.731 (95% CI 0.630–0.849). (1) Recreational physical activity is the protective factor of hearing difficulty in older adults; (2) Recreational physical activity is a protective factor for visual difficulty in older adults.
Rare earth element (REE) contents in bulk soils and respective geochemical fractions (e.g., exchangeable, carbonate-bound, reducible, and oxidizable fractions) were determined to decipher the relationships between REE geochemistry components and climatic factors across a large-scale northern China transect. Bulk REE concentrations ranged from 55.2 μg g -1 to 241.1 μg g -1 with a main portion in the residual fraction (49-79%), followed by oxidizable fraction (2-40%), reducible fraction (3-22%), carbonate-bound fraction (0.1-16%), and negligible exchangeable fraction. The REE contents of geochemical components (carbonate-bound, reducible, and oxidizable) in topsoils positively or negatively correlated to climate factors (mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, potential evaporation, and aridity index (AI)). Our data in topsoils and depth-profiles collectively suggest that cycling of REE was primarily regulated by abiotic processes in area with AI < 0.2 , while the biological effect on REE circulation in soil played more effective role in area with AI > 0.3. The normalized abundances to the upper continental crust (UCC) composition show that the middle REE was generally enriched than the light REE and heavy REE in topsoils along the transect. The overall UCC-normalized bulk REE patterns in topsoils and subsoils were similar, characterized by weak negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies. The UCC-normalized REE patterns in geochemical fractions had distinguished features, however showed similar patterns in respective geochemical components (e.g., pronounced negative Ce anomalies in carbonate-bound fractions and negligible Ce anomalies in other geochemical components). Our results provide evidence for climatic influence on REE distribution patterns both in topsoils and subsoils across the continental-scale transect and give insights into future studies on vertical REE mobility and its associated biogeochemical pathways.
Abstract Background Rare earth elements (REE) are a group of trace elements that behave geochemically coherently. REE fractionation patterns normalized to reference materials provide a powerful tool for documenting pedogenesis. In-soil processes are particularly difficult to illustrate with respect to contemporary and past climate conditions. In this study, we characterize the rare earth element (REE) contents in bulk soils and respective geochemical fractions (e.g., exchangeable, carbonate-bound, reducible, and oxidizable fractions) and to decipher the relationships between REE geochemistry components and climatic factors across a large-scale northern China transect (NCT). Results Across the NCT, bulk REE concentrations ranged from 55.2 to 241.1 μg g −1 with a main portion in the residual fraction (49–79%), followed by oxidizable fraction (2–40%), reducible fraction (3–22%), carbonate-bound fraction (0.1–16%), and negligible exchangeable fraction. The REE contents of geochemical components (carbonate-bound, reducible, and oxidizable) in topsoils correlated to climate factors (mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, potential evaporation, and aridity index (AI)). The normalized abundances to the upper continental crust (UCC) composition show that the middle REE was generally enriched than the light REE and heavy REE in topsoils along the transect. The overall UCC-normalized bulk REE patterns in topsoils and subsoils were similar, characterized by weak negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies. Conclusions Our data in topsoils and depth profiles collectively suggest that cycling of REE was primarily regulated by abiotic processes in area with AI < 0.2, while the biological effect on REE circulation in soil played a more effective role in area with AI > 0.3. The similar UCC normalized patterns in topsoils suggest that the REE was originated from a common source with limited influences from other sources (e.g., atmospheric dusts and anthropogenic contributions). Our results to some extent provide evidence for climatic influence REE distribution patterns both in topsoils and subsoils across the continental-scale transect. Our investigation gives insights into future studies on vertical REE mobility and its associated biogeochemical pathways.
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