Research Article| April 01, 2006 Completeness of the fossil record: Estimating losses due to small body size Roger A. Cooper; Roger A. Cooper 1Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Phillip A. Maxwell; Phillip A. Maxwell 2257 Otipua Road, Timaru, South Canterbury, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar James S. Crampton; James S. Crampton 3Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Alan G. Beu; Alan G. Beu 3Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Craig M. Jones; Craig M. Jones 3Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Bruce A. Marshall Bruce A. Marshall 4Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (2006) 34 (4): 241–244. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22206.1 Article history received: 25 Aug 2005 rev-recd: 15 Nov 2005 accepted: 20 Nov 2005 first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Roger A. Cooper, Phillip A. Maxwell, James S. Crampton, Alan G. Beu, Craig M. Jones, Bruce A. Marshall; Completeness of the fossil record: Estimating losses due to small body size. Geology 2006;; 34 (4): 241–244. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G22206.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Size bias in the fossil record limits its use for interpreting patterns of past biodiversity and ecological change. Using comparative size frequency distributions of exceptionally good regional records of New Zealand Holocene and Cenozoic Mollusca in museum archive collections, we derive first-order estimates of the magnitude of the bias against small body size and the effect of this bias on completeness of the fossil record. Our database of 3907 fossil species represents an original living pool of 9086 species, from which ∼36% have been removed by size culling, 27% from the smallest size class (<5 mm). In contrast, non-size-related losses compose only 21% of the total. In soft rocks, the loss of small taxa can be reduced by nearly 50% through the employment of exhaustive collection and preparation techniques. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Xylophagaid bivalves link terrestrial and deep-sea ecosystems by making energy and nutrients from sunken wood available to other animals. They bore into what can be sulphide-rich wood with their valves and digest it using bacterial enzymes. The evolutionary history of the roughly 60 named xylophagaid species remains largely unknown. We sequenced 18S and 28S rDNA genes of 59 specimens from the northeastern Pacific, southwestern Pacific off New Zealand and the Atlantic Ocean. We analysed these together with data from GenBank (thus increasing the species represented by sequences from 7 to 22) using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference to reconstruct the group's phylogeny. Newly discovered taxa are: Spiniapex gilsonorum n. gen., n. sp.; Feaya n. gen. (for Xylopholas dostwous) and Abditoconus n. gen. (for X. heterosiphon, X. anselli and X. brava that share a two-parted siphon and a periostracal cone). Specimens of Xyloredo from New Zealand, Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico and California USA are a single species. The genus Xylopholas is not unequivocally monophyletic; the presence/absence of a faecal mass in the distal intestine is the most conspicuous difference between the species included. The mesoplax (paired calcified plates over the anterior adductor) evolved convergently in two distinct clades assigned to the genus Xylophaga, which is not monophyletic. All clades represented by at least four taxa occur in every geographic area included. Rather than evolving to exploit sulphide associated with wood falls, xylophagaids may have evolved protection from it. This is indicated by the fact that in four clades, a thick periostracum covers the siphons that extend through the wood, while packed faecal pellets surround the siphons in one subclade, perhaps providing a physical barrier. In only one clade are fleshy siphons exposed to the wood.
The Recent Pectinoidea of the New Zealand region are reviewed. Eight new species are described from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone: Parvamussium cancellorum, Cyclochlamys austrina, Cc. delli, Cc. irregularis, Cc. munida, Cc. pileolus, Cyclopecten fluctuosus, and Catillopecten tasmani. Nine species are new records for New Zealand: Parvamussium retiolum Dijkstra, 1995, Pa. vesiculatum Dijkstra, 1995, Sinepecten segonzaci Schein, 2006, Ciclopecten fluctuatus (Bavay, 1905), Pseudamussium challengeri (E.A. Smith, 1891), Spondylus occidens G.B. Sowerby III, 1903, S. proneri Lamprell Healy, 2001, S. sparsispinosus Dall, Bartsch Rehder, 1938, and S. jamarci Okutani, 1983. Cyclochlamys bacata and Cc. wanganellica are described from Wanganella Bank, West Norfolk Ridge, and Cyclopecten textus from the Lord Howe Rise. We provide new distribution records for Catillopecten murrayi (E.A. Smith, 1885), Spondylus asperrimus G.B. Sowerby II, 1847 and S. proneri in the south-west Pacific. Cyclopecten aupouria Powell, 1937 and Cp. mestayerae Dell, 1956 are newly referred to genus Cyclochlamys Finlay, 1926; Pecten challengeri E.A. Smith, 1891 is referred to Pseudamussium Mörch, 1853. Bathypecten Schein-Fatton, 1985 is newly synonymised with Catillopecten Iredale, 1939; and Chlamys consociata E.A. Smith, 1915 is newly synonymised with Talochlamys dichroa (Suter, 1909). Brooding is recorded for the first time in Cyclochlamys, and is also the first record in Propeamussiidae. Pronounced sculptural change in response to settlement of sponge on the shell is recorded in Talochlamys dichroa and Zygochlamys delicatula.
In the time between speciation and extinction, a species' ecological and biogeographic footprint—its occupancy—will vary in response to macroecological drivers and historical contingencies. Despite their importance for understanding macroecological processes, general patterns of long-term species occupancy remain largely unknown. We documented the occupancy histories of Cenozoic marine mollusks from New Zealand. For both genera and species, these show a distinct pattern of increase to relatively short-lived peak occupancy at mid-duration, followed by a decline toward extinction. Thus, species at greatest risk for extinction are those that have already been in decline for a substantial period of time. This pattern of protracted rise and fall stands in contrast to that of incumbency, insofar as species show no general tendency to stay near maximal occupancy once established.
Paramendax apicina Powell and Mendax attenuatispira Powell are referred to genus Triforis Deshayes; T. antepallaxa, T. blacki, and T. tui are described as new; and a species close to the South Australian Triforis epallaxa (Verco) is recorded from New Zealand waters. Paramendax Powell is transferred from the Cerithiopsidae to the Triforidae as a subgenus of Triforis. It is suggested that the Recent South African Cerithiella nonnitens Barnard is referable to Triforis.
Abstract Twenty-four pectinoidean species are recorded from Lord Howe Island (7 species), Norfolk Island (13 species) and the Kermadec Islands (14 species). Eighteen species are new records, and these are compared with similar species from the Australasian region. The following taxa are newly synonymised: Annachlamys leopardus rena Iredale, 1939 (= A. kuhnholtzi (Bernardi, 1860)), Chlamys cellularis Oliver, 1915 (= C. c. coruscans (Hinds, 1845)), Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrimoides Powell, 1958 (= M. senatoria (Gmelin, 1791)). Chlamydella favus lemchei Powell , 1958 is considered to be specifically distinct from Cyclopecten favus Hedley, 1902, and is referred to Cyclochlamys Finlay, 1926. Lectotypcs are for the following species designated: Hemipecten forbesianus A. Adams & Reeve, 1849, Ostrea senatoria Gmelin, 1791, and Ostrea porphyrea Gmelin, 1791.
Recent expeditions have revealed high levels of biodiversity in the tropical deep-sea, yet little is known about the age or origin of this biodiversity, and large-scale molecular studies are still few in number. In this study, we had access to the largest number of solariellid gastropods ever collected for molecular studies, including many rare and unusual taxa. We used a Bayesian chronogram of these deep-sea gastropods (1) to test the hypothesis that deep-water communities arose onshore, (2) to determine whether Antarctica acted as a source of diversity for deep-water communities elsewhere and (3) to determine how factors like global climate change have affected evolution on the continental slope. We show that although fossil data suggest that solariellid gastropods likely arose in a shallow, tropical environment, interpretation of the molecular data is equivocal with respect to the origin of the group. On the other hand, the molecular data clearly show that Antarctic species sampled represent a recent invasion, rather than a relictual ancestral lineage. We also show that an abrupt period of global warming during the Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) leaves no molecular record of change in diversification rate in solariellids and that the group radiated before the PETM. Conversely, there is a substantial, although not significant increase in the rate of diversification of a major clade approximately 33.7 Mya, coinciding with a period of global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Increased nutrients made available by contemporaneous changes to erosion, ocean circulation, tectonic events and upwelling may explain increased diversification, suggesting that food availability may have been a factor limiting exploitation of deep-sea habitats. Tectonic events that shaped diversification in reef-associated taxa and deep-water squat lobsters in central Indo-West Pacific were also probably important in the evolution of solariellids during the Oligo-Miocene.
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