This paper evaluates the geologic framework and tectonic development of the central Brooks Range based on a transect through the range and Arctic foothills. A geologic cross section constructed through the transect is confirmed by comparing the retrodeformed section with the regional distribution of lithofacies in the central Brooks Range. Stratigraphic relations in the retrodeformed section are further explained by comparing them to similar stratigraphic relations in the Ikpikpuk-Umiat basin under the Arctic coastal plain. The structural framework of the central Brooks Range and Arctic foothills consists of fold nappes, thrust faults, and detached folds that sole in decollements and late-stage high-angle faults. In the central Brooks Range, shortening is by north-directed thrust faulting and folding of mostly Paleozoic rocks, and transport of any individual thrust sheet relative to underlying rocks is less than 30 km. In the middle of the range, imbricate blocks of lower Paleozoic basement are exposed in the core of the Doonerak anticline, and thrust sheets of stratigraphically higher Paleozoic rocks that overlie basement are exposed in the limbs of the anticline. In the northeast part of the anticline, the Amawk thrust emplaces Silurian and Upper Devonian rocks on a succession of Lower Mississippian an stratigraphically higher rocks that have been detached from the underlying basement along the Blarney Creek thrust. The Slatepile fault system, a system of high-angle faults in the north limb of the Doonerak anticline, drops the core and part of the north limb of the anticline down, giving the impression that the succession of Lower Mississippian and stratigraphically higher rocks that lie on basement south of the system high-angle faults extends under the Upper Devonian rocks that extensively crop out north of the high-angle faults. In the Arctic foothills, the mostly Paleozoic rocks of the north-central Brooks Range extend under Lower Cretaceous rocks of the North Slope foreland basin, and blind thrusts that sole in the Paleozoic rocks ramp up into the Lower Cretaceous and stratigraph cally higher rocks. Also in the Arctic foothills, a thrust sheet that contains the Arctic foothills assemblage overlies rocks of the north-central Brooks Range and Lower Cretaceous rocks of the North Slope foreland basin. Thrust transport of the Arctic foothills assemblage more than 40 km from south of the Doonerak anticline took place during the Early Cretaceous, but thrusting that deformed rocks of the North Slope foreland basin took place during the early Tertiary, with the vertical uplift of the Doonerak anticline being a late-formed feature. Conclusions based on the retrodeformed cross section contrast significantly with previous work in which the Upper Devonian and stratigraphically higher rocks north of the Doonerak anticline are considered part of the Endicott Mountains allochthon, a regional allochthon that extends the breadth of the Brooks Range. In these models, Upper Devonian and younger rocks in the north-central Brooks Range have been thrust-transported 90 or 200 km from south of the Doonerak anticline, and emplacement of the allochthon could reflect as much as 885 km of tectonic shortening. The Lower Mississippian and stratigraphically higher rocks together with the underlying basement in the End_Page 1087------------------------------ northeast part of the anticline are considered to be in a window in the Endicott Mountains allochthon and to extend northward beneath allochthonous Upper Devonian and stratigraphically higher rocks in the north-central Brooks Range. Lithofacies patterns in rocks in the central Brooks Range are consistent with the retrodeformed cross section and imply plausible Upper Devonian and Carboniferous depositional systems. Thick Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian(?) clastic prisms were deposited in basins north of the Doonerak anticline. Mississippian carbonate rocks that overlie these clastic prisms were deposited in differentially subsiding shelf environments that included rocks in the Doonerak anticline. Restored across the Blarney Creek thrust, the Mississippian shelf carbonate rocks that presently lie north of the Doonerak anticline are those that were deposited on basement in the anticline. A carbonate ramp at the south edge of these shelf deposits extends east-southeast across the central Brooks Range and in th retrodeformed section lies south of the Doonerak anticline where Upper and Middle(?) Devonian shaly rocks thicken to the south. Unrestored, the ramp would extend across the Doonerak anticline. Restored Late Devonian and Carboniferous lithofacies patterns in the central Brooks Range also are plausible from a regional perspective and have implications for exploration of basins under the Arctic coastal plain. The Late Devonian to Early Mississippian(?) basins in the north-central Brooks Range are part of a system of Early(?) Devonian to Early Mississippian(?) clastic basins that extend the length of the Brooks Range and include basins under the Arctic coastal plain. These basins are a template for depositional patterns in overlying rocks. Marine shelves between these basins where Mississippian strata unconformably lie on basement, such as in the northeastern Brooks Range and the Doonerak anticline, have depositional histories that are in contrast to areas that overlie the basi s. The resulting stratigraphic framework, together with the structural framework in the basement rocks that controlled the basins, has had a profound effect on the structural style of the fold belt, the salient effect being folds and thrust faults that are not orthogonal to the direction of structural transport. Stratigraphic relations exposed in the fold belt, especially the distribution of potential source rocks, likely model little-explored basins that underlie the North Slope foreland basin.
One of the most spectacular physiographic images of the conterminous United States, and the first to have been produced digitally, is that by Thelin and Pike (USGS I-2206, 1991). The image is remarkable for its crispness of detail and for the natural appearance of the artificial land surface. Our goal has been to produce a shaded-relief image of Alaska that has the same look and feel as the Thelin and Pike image. The Alaskan image could have been produced at the same scale as its lower 48 counterpart (1:3,500,000). But by insetting the Aleutian Islands into the Gulf of Alaska, we were able to print the Alaska map at a larger scale (1:2,500,000) and about the same physical size as the Thelin and Pike image. Benefits of the 1:2,500,000 scale are (1) greater resolution of topographic features and (2) ease of reference to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (1987) Alaska Map E and the statewide geologic map (Beikman, 1980), which are both 1:2,500,000 scale.Manually drawn, shaded-relief images of Alaska's land surface have long been available (for example, Department of the Interior, 1909; Raisz, 1948). The topography depicted on these early maps is mainly schematic. Maps showing topographic contours were first available for the entire State in 1953 (USGS, 1:250,000) (J.H. Wittmann, USGS, written commun., 1996). The Alaska Map E was initially released in 1954 in both planimetric (revised in 1973 and 1987) and shaded-relief versions (revised in 1973, 1987, and 1996); topography depicted on the shaded-relief version is based on the 1:250,000-scale USGS topographic maps. Alaska Map E was later modified to include hypsometric tinting by Raven Maps and Images (1989, revised 1993) as copyrighted versions. Other shaded-relief images were produced for The National Geographic Magazine (LaGorce, 1956; 1:3,000,000) or drawn by Harrison (1970; 1:7,500,000) for The National Atlas of the United States. Recently, the State of Alaska digitally produced a shaded-relief image of Alaska at 1:2,500,000 scale (Alaska Department of Natural Resources, 1994), using the 1,000-m digital elevation data set referred to below.An important difference between our image and these previous ones is the method of reproduction: like the Thelin and Pike (1991) image, our image is a composite of halftone images that yields sharp resolution and preserves contrast. Indeed, the first impression of many viewers is that the Alaskan image and the Thelin and Pike image are composites of satellite-generated photographs rather than an artificial rendering of a digital elevation model.A shaded-relief image represents landforms in a natural fashion; that is, a viewer perceives the image as a rendering of reality. Thus a shaded-relief image is intrinsically appealing, especially in areas of spectacular relief. In addition, even subtle physiographic features that reflect geologic structures or the type of bedrock are visible. To our knowledge, some of these Alaskan features have not been depicted before and so the image should provide earth scientists with a new "look" at fundamental geologic features of Alaska.
Preliminary field investigations suggest three detachments in the Sadlerochit and Shublik Mountains: (1) the Kingak Shale, (2) along the pre-Mississippian unconformity, and (3) within the pre-Mississippian basement. The Kingak Shale decollement is the sole thrust for divergently branching subsidiary thrusts that repeat the Cretaceous Kemik Sandstone Member and overlying section. Well-exposed footwall and hanging-wall cutoffs together with multiple repetitions of Jurassic and Cretaceous over short distances demonstrate the detachment and provide permissive evidence of large-scale shortening. The detachment along the pre-Mississippian unconformity is not a sole thrust for subsidiary thrust faults. It is marked by cleavage development and folding of the overlying Mississippi n and younger rocks in marked disharmony with the underlying homoclinal pre-Mississippian strata. Detachment within the pre-Mississippian basement is not exposed but is interpreted from cumulative shortening across thrust faults observed and inferred in the Sadlerochit and Shublik Mountains. As envisioned, it would be a shallow south-dipping floor thrust for subsidiary faults largely controlled by the basement infrastructure. Thrust faults that cut the overlying Mississippian and younger section have horizontal displacements of 5-8 km and emplace pre-Mississippian rocks on Cretaceous strata. A large number of smaller thrust faults, responsible for deformation of the pre-Mississippian surface contribute to shortening. Structures involving the pre-Mississippian section trend east-west whereas earlier formed structures related to the Kingak Shale decollement trend east-northeast to west-southwest. Possible exploration leads beneath the coastal plain include: (1) large, broad, basement-involved structural culminations that may have subtle seismic expressions and (2) pre-Mississippian potential reservoirs thrust over Cretaceous source beds. Possible applications for regional seismic interpretation include: (1) means of discriminating basement-involved structures from preexisting basement-detached structures and (2) suggestion that two broadly different structural patterns exist under the coastal plain. End_of_Article - Last_Page 667------------
You get a comprehensive overview of the geology, tectonic evolution, and mineral resources of Alaska and adjacent areas of the continental margin. Plates include state-wide maps showing geology, physiography, lithotectonic terranes, metamorphic rocks, igneous rocks, sedimentary basins, isotopic age data, neotectonics, isostatic gravity, magnetics, and metallic mineral deposits. Summaries of bedrock geology and geologic history are given for eleven large regions of Alaska and adjacent offshore areas. Twenty topical chapters synthesize data on metamorphic and igneous rocks; major onshore and offshore sedimentary basins; the paleomagnetics evidence for latitudinal displacements and rotations, glacial history and periglacial phenomena; and the occurrence, evolution, and potential of Alaska's vast resources of petroleum, coal, and metallic minerals. A summary chapter provides an overview and presents a possible model for Alaska's Phanerozoic evolution. The Geology of Alaska is the largest publication produced in the Decade of North American Geology program, a fitting tribute to this magnificent area.
Research Article| September 01, 1975 Nature and regional significance of thrust faulting in the southern Inyo Mountains, eastern California John S. Kelley; John S. Kelley 1Department of Geology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192. Present address: Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Calvin H. Stevens Calvin H. Stevens 1Department of Geology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192. Present address: Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information John S. Kelley 1Department of Geology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192. Present address: Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 Calvin H. Stevens 1Department of Geology, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192. Present address: Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 02 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 Geological Society of America Geology (1975) 3 (9): 524–526. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<524:NARSOT>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 02 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation John S. Kelley, Calvin H. Stevens; Nature and regional significance of thrust faulting in the southern Inyo Mountains, eastern California. Geology 1975;; 3 (9): 524–526. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<524:NARSOT>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract A belt of imbricate thrust faults, here named the “Swansea thrust fault system,” is exposed for a distance of about 27 km along the western flank of the southern Inyo Mountains, and it may Continue another 25 to 30 km to the southeast. The faults cut rocks of probable Early Jurassic age. Faults such as these may be formed within a structural ramp over which large thrust sheets may ride. Direction and time of movement on the fault system are similar to those on generally horizontal thrust faults underlying large allochthons to the north and northeast, but the Swansea faults occur entirely within the autochthonous sequence. The Swansea thrust fault system, therefore, is interpreted as representing deformation within a structural ramp that was overridden by thrust sheets related to those now preserved to the northeast. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
