Joanne M. Curran

Consarc Design Group (United Kingdom)

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Bernard Smith

Queen's University Belfast

Patricia Warke

Queen's University Belfast

Scott Allan Orr

University College London

Heather Viles

University of Oxford

Maureen Young

Historic Environment Scotland

Dawson Stelfox

Consarc Design Group (United Kingdom)

Alastair Ruffell

Queens University

Alick Leslie

Getty Conservation Institute

Jennifer McKinley

Queen's University Belfast

John Meneely

Queen's University Belfast

Cooperative Institutions

Queen's University Belfast

Queens University

Consarc Design Group (United Kingdom)

Queen's University

Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre

Scottish Enterprise

University of Oxford

Universidade Federal Fluminense

University College Dublin

University College London

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Weathering of igneous rocks during shallow burial in an upland peat environment: observations from the Bronze Age Copney Stone Circle Complex, Northern Ireland

CATENA (2002)

Joanne M. Curran Bernard Smith Patricia Warke

Lithology

Porphyritic

Waterlogging (archaeology)

10.1016/s0341-8162(02)00023-1

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Citations (14)

INTEMPERISMO DECORRENTE DA ACUMULAÇÃO DE SAL E A FORMAÇÃO DE ALVÉOLOS E TAFONI NOS AFLORAMENTOS DAS PRAIAS DE NITERÓI (RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL)

Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia (2013)

Maria Augusta Martins da Silva José Antônio Baptista Neto André Luiz Carvalho da Silva Bernard Smith J.J. McAlister

Afloramentos de granitos e gnaisses nas praias de Niterói (RJ) apresentam morfologias desenvolvidas em decorrência do intemperismo da acumulação de sal na superfície da rocha. Pequenas depressões e bacias e, de modo mais organizado, morfologias denominadas alvéolos e tafoni, são freqüentemente encontradas na superfície das rochas. Este trabalho apresenta uma descrição dessas morfologias com ênfase na praia de Itacoatiara onde os melhores exemplos são encontrados. Nessa praia, 12 amostras foram analisadas (MEV, IC, AAS) permitindo a identificação de halita, gipsita, silvita, bischofita, mirabilita, thenardita e kieserita. Em função dos ciclos de cristalização desses sais durante períodos de seca e posterior dissolução, ocorre a desintegração das rochas e formação dessas morfologias. A frequência desses ciclos promove o rompimento das ligações entre os cristais e a fadiga das rochas gerando as morfologias com aspectos cavernosos. Características geológicas, tais como, planos de esfoliação, contatos litológicos, composição e textura das rochas, entre outras, apresentam papel importante no tipo de morfologia desenvolvida durante o intemperismo de sal.

10.20502/rbg.v14i2.335

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Citations (0)

Urban stone decay: The great weathering experiment?

Geological Society of America eBooks (2005)

Bernard Smith Alice V. Turkington Joanne M. Curran

This paper outlines recent progress in modeling salt-induced decay of urban stone, using both field-based and laboratory-based approaches. The opportunities afforded by examining stone structures of known age, composition, and exposure history are highlighted, and the fruitfulness of multidisciplinary research in this area for geologists, geomorphologists, engineers, and conservation architects is demonstrated. Examples are given that show how studies of urban stone decay have informed our understanding of salt weathering, surface loss, and both meso- and micro-environmental controls on weathering. Institutional and cultural reasons for the lack of discourse between building stone researchers and those concerned with natural rock outcrops...

Outcrop

10.1130/0-8137-2390-6.1

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Citations (12)

87Sr/86Sr: a New Discriminant for Provenancing Neolithic Porcellanite Artifacts from Ireland

Journal of Archaeological Science (2001)

Joanne M. Curran I. G. Meighan D. D. A. Simpson Graeme Rogers Anthony E. Fallick

Laterite

Northern Ireland

10.1006/jasc.2000.0582

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Citations (7)

Moisture monitoring of stone masonry: A comparison of microwave and radar on a granite wall and a sandstone tower

Journal of Cultural Heritage (2019)

Scott Allan Orr Lucie Fusade Maureen Young Dawson Stelfox Alick Leslie

10.1016/j.culher.2019.07.011

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Citations (39)

An ‘isolated diffusion’ gravimetric calibration procedure for radar and microwave moisture measurement in porous building stone

Journal of Applied Geophysics (2019)

Scott Allan Orr Maureen Young Dawson Stelfox Alick Leslie Joanne M. Curran

Information about the presence and movement of water is crucial to understanding stone deterioration and rock weathering but hard to obtain. Non-destructive, non-invasive measurements of electromagnetic phenomena can provide proxy data on water contents within porous stone and rock. Commercial geophysical devices, such as radar and microwave moisture sensors, produce raw data or readings in arbitrary units, but can be related to absolute water contents through gravimetric calibration. Calibration procedures typically either equilibrate samples to a set of relative humidities (RH%) using salt solutions or environmental chambers (requiring specialised equipment), or monitor ambient drying which yields less homogenous moisture distributions and takes time. This study proposes and tests a cost- and time-effective 'isolated diffusion' gravimetric calibration procedure in which a set of samples are sealed at specific water contents and equilibrated. The procedure is compared to ambient drying over 120 h for three United Kingdom building stones and evaluated with modelled reflection coefficients and relative permittivities. The calibrations determined from isolated diffusion more closely follow modelled behaviour than those from ambient drying, as the calibrations developed from the latter were affected by uneven distributions of moisture. Calibrations for radar measurements developed from two types of back interfaces (air and metal) were very similar to one another, suggesting that measurements are consistent regardless of the type of back interface used. The isolated diffusion calibration procedure provides a cost-effective and simple method to facilitate comparison between different non-destructive testing methods and enables accurate measurement of water contents in porous geomaterials.

Gravimetric analysis

10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.02.003

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Citations (14)

Wind-driven rain and future risk to built heritage in the United Kingdom: Novel metrics for characterising rain spells

The Science of The Total Environment (2018)

Scott Allan Orr Maureen Young Dawson Stelfox Joanne M. Curran Heather Viles

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is rain given a horizontal velocity component by wind and falling obliquely. It is a prominent environmental risk to built heritage, as it contributes to the damage of porous building materials and building element failure. While predicted climate trends are well-established, how they will specifically manifest in future WDR is uncertain. This paper combines UKCP09 Weather Generator predictions with a probabilistic process to create hourly time series of climate parameters under a high-emissions scenario for 2070–2099 at eight UK sites. Exposure to WDR at these sites for baseline and future periods is calculated from semi-empirical models based on long-term hourly meteorological data using ISO 15927-3:2009. Towards the end of the twenty-first century, it is predicted that rain spells will have higher volumes, i.e. a higher quantity of water will impact façades, across all 8 sites. Although the average number of spells is predicted to remain constant, they will be shorter with longer of periods of time between them and more intense with wind-driven rain occurring for a greater proportion of hours within them. It is likely that in this scenario building element failure – such as moisture ingress through cracks and gutter over-spill – will occur more frequently. There will be higher rates of moisture cycling and enhanced deep-seated wetting. These predicted changes require new metrics for wind-driven rain to be developed, so that future impacts can be managed effectively and efficiently.

Climate zones

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.354

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Citations (56)

Post‐excavation deterioration of the Copney Bronze Age Stone Circle Complex: A geomorphological perspective

Geoarchaeology (2010)

Patricia Warke Joanne M. Curran Bernard Smith Mark Gardiner Claire Foley

Abstract Post‐excavation deterioration of stones from under blanket peat at the Copney Bronze Age Stone Circle Complex in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, proceeded through widespread scaling, flaking, and splitting of stones. Investigation showed that prior to burial the porphyritic stones already possessed a complex legacy of geological weaknesses derived from hydrothermal alteration and tectonic deformation. Analysis indicated that significant alteration occurred during approximately 2000 years of burial under acidic peat cover, with development of a secondary porosity, alteration of primary minerals, and the opening of preexisting lines of weakness within the stones. Burial under peat also resulted in “bleaching” the stones so that they appeared white in color following excavation. These alterations during burial left the stones in a significantly weakened state and particularly susceptible to the effects of subaerial weathering processes. Data underline the potential fragility of excavated stonework and highlight the need to plan for its aftercare before complete excavation is undertaken. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Subaerial

10.1002/gea.20324

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Citations (0)

DEVELOPING A 'NON-DESTRUCTIVE SCIENTIFIC TOOLKIT' TO MONITOR MONUMENTS AND SITES

John Meneely Bernard Smith Joanne M. Curran Alastair Ruffell

Increasing awareness of climate change and its possible effects on our environment are now widely known. World heritage sites will, in the future, be subject to significant, complex transformations in direct response to changing climatic regimes. It is predicted that the changes we will see over the next 100 years include variations in temperature, rainfall, extreme weather events, groundwater and sea level. This concern often concentrates on the impact that climate change will have on natural environments, e.g. loss of habitats to sea level rise, and often neglects possible impacts on the material environment especially the historic built environment. Historic buildings and structures were designed for their specific local climate and changes to this local climate will accelerate some processes of decay whereas others may be delayed. The problem of decay and conservation of stone-built heritage is inevitably therefore a complex one, requiring input across many disciplines to identify appropriate remedial steps and management strategies. Over the past few decades, Earth scientists have brought a unique perspective to this challenging area, drawing on traditions and knowledge obtained from research into landscape development and the natural environment.

Natural heritage

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Citations (9)

An Integrated Toolkit for the Conservation of Stone-Built Heritage

EGUGA (2010)

Claire Lindsay B. Smith Joanne M. Curran Jennifer McKinley John Meneely

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Citations (2)