C. L. Coultas

Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University

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Yi‐Ping Hsieh

University of North Dakota

Edith Gross

US Forest Service

Michael S. Ross

Florida International University

Michael Russo

University of Aveiro

Henry J. Kratt

André F. Clewell

Ecological Society of America

David L. Reed

Florida Museum of Natural History

Sherry Mitchell‐Bruker

US Forest Service

S. Stothoff

Southwest Research Institute

Emily M. Taylor

Brigham Young University

Cooperative Institutions

Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University

Florida International University

University of Florida

Agricultural Research Service

US Forest Service

Everglades University

National Park Service

International University

United States Department of Agriculture

Texas A&M University

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The Lewis Camp Mound: An Example of a Petrocalcic Horizon in Jefferson County, Florida

Henry J. Kratt C. L. Coultas Michael Russo

Soil scientists have described petrocalcic soil horizons, commonly referred to as caliche, from the southwestern United States for quite some time. Caliche normally occurs in semi-arid climates where evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall. In more arid climates, the repeated process of illuviation and precipitation of CaCO3 forms subsurface accumulations of CaCO3 or other carbonates. To the authors’ knowledge, petrocalcic soil horizons have not been reported in the southeastern United States, quite probably because environmental conditions are not normally favorable for such development. While soil scientists may not have been aware of petrocalcic horizons in the southeastern United States, archaeologists have noted their presence for some time. They are usually found within specific sites called middens, which are generally refuse piles, deposited by Native Americans. Many of these middens contain large quantities of shells, in addition to bones of various mammals, birds, fish and turtles, ceramic vessel fragments and lithic tool-making byproducts. The Lewis Camp Mound (08 Je00182) is one such midden, composed primarily of apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) shell material, with lesser amounts of banded mystery snail (Viviparus georgianus), freshwater mussel (e.g., Elliptio spp.), and several saltwater species including oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and great ark (Dinocardum robustus). The site was initially investigated in the summer of 1999, at which time the petrocalcic horizon was thought to have been the underlying bedrock. Subsequent fieldwork, conducted in September 2003 and in June 2006, has added to our knowledge of the age of the site, and provided insights into the formational processes which have occurred. This paper will discuss several explanations archaeologists have suggested for the formation of petrocalcic layers in middens, as well as the age and cultural occupations relating to the Lewis Camp Mound.

Midden

Bedrock

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Soils of Marshes in the Apalachicola, Florida Estuary

Soil Science Society of America Journal (1980)

C. L. Coultas

Abstract The marshes of the Apalachicola, Florida estuary were traversed and the principal soils were described, sampled, and characterized. Cladium jamaicense (sawgrass) was the predominant plant of this ecosystem, but Juncus roemerianus (needlerush) was also common. Sulfihemists predominated in the delta of the Apalachicola River. In the eastern portion of the estuary, Sulfaquents and Fluvaquents were common. Sulfihemists were not saline, but some Sulfaquents and Fluvaquents were saline‐alkaline. Montmorillonite was the predominant clay‐sized mineral and mica was common in the sand fraction.

Salt marsh

Revegetation

10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400020028x

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Citations (13)

Chilling damage in a changing climate in coastal landscapes of the subtropical zone: a case study from south Florida

Hidrobiologiâ (2006)

Michael S. Ross Sherry Mitchell‐Bruker Jay P. Sah S. Stothoff Pablo L. Ruiz

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An Aberrant Toposequence of Soils through a Titi Swamp

Soil Science Society of America Journal (1979)

C. L. Coultas André F. Clewell Emily M. Taylor

Abstract Three Great Groups of soil, Humaquepts, Haplaquods, and Psammaquents, were found on a traverse through a titi swamp in north Florida. The Humaquept occurred in the lowest, wettest position and plants of Cyrilla racemiflora L. and Nyssa biflora Walt, were largely restricted to these soils. These soils were extremely acid, low in extractable bases, well supplied with organic C, and highest in clay content. Haplaquods occurred in a higher position with better drainage. On these soils vegetation included Cliftonia monophylla (Lam.) Sarg., Magnolia virginiana L. and Myrica inodora Bartr. inside the titi swamp, and outside the swamp, species common to the pine flatwoods. These Haplaquods were acid and low in extractable bases. They contained less organic C and clay than the Humaquept. The Psammaquents were the best drained due to their high position and coarse texture. They contained the least organic C. Evidence is presented which indicates that the titi swamp has encroached into areas formerly vegetated with pine flatwoods. This was probably due to recent fire control and wetter soil conditions.

Swamp

10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300020028x

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Citations (7)

Tidal marsh soils of Florida's Middle Gulf Coast

C. L. Coultas Edith Gross

Salt marsh

Tidal current

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Loblolly Pine Seedling Response to Fertilizer and Lime Treatments on a Spodosol

Soil Science Society of America Journal (1991)

C. L. Coultas Yi‐Ping Hsieh W. H. McKee

Abstract Loblolly pine trees ( Pinus taeda L.) grow poorly on the Spodosols of the mid‐Atlantic Coastal Plain. This greenhouse study was undertaken to determine the effects of N, P, S, micronutrients, and lime on the growth of Loblolly pine seedlings in the Al horizon of a Lynn Haven fine sand (sandy, siliceous, thermic Typic Haplaquod). Nitrogen, and N‐P in combination resulted in increased growth of the pine seedlings. A small application of CaCO 3 (2337 kg/ha) resulted in reduced growth and increased foliage necrosis. This negative effect was overcome by N applications. Micronutrients alone had little effect on growth and the foliage concentrations were adequate with all treatments. Sulfur treatment had a slight effect on plant growth but, with S, foliage N was increased from 17.5 to 19.0 g/kg. Aluminum concentrations were determined to be at nontoxic levels in this soil horizon. We postulate that the negative effect of CaCO 3 on plant growth was due to reduction of available N. The mechanism for this result has yet to be elucidated.

Podzol

Loblolly pine

10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500030033x

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Citations (10)

Shell Middens and Petrocalcic Horizons in the Southeastern USA

Soil Horizons (2005)

C. L. Coultas Michael Russo Henry J. Kratt

The petrocalcic horizon, while common in the arid and semiarid southwestern USA, has never been reported in soil surveys of the humid southeastern USA. However, archeologists have reported such horizons in shell mounds along coastal areas and rivers in this region. Here we report the morphology of soil on a shell mound in North Florida that contains an indurated subsoil accumulation of CaCO3 (petrocalcic horizon). We suggest three possible modes of genesis.

Subsoil

Soil horizon

Coastal plain

10.2136/sh2005.2.0068

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Citations (2)

Use of velvet bean to improve soil fertility and weed control in corn production in northern belize

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (1996)

C. L. Coultas T. J. Post J. B. Jones Yi‐Ping Hsieh

Abstract The objective of this research was to mesasure the effect of intercropping corn (Zea mays L.) with velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) oil corn yields, soil fertility, and weed control in northern Belize. Two soils were used which are widespread in the area. These soils are high in clay (simectitc) and are well supplied with bases. One soil, the Louisville, has a black surface horizon overlying light gray to white calcareous weathered coral. The other soil was Xaibe which consists of a reddish‐brown clay over hard limestone “cap rock”; at 30–40 cm. Both soils had a relatively high organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) content. We classified the Louisville as Calciustert and the Xaibe as a Ustropept. The treatments used (carried out annually in 1990, 1991, and 1992) were residue burn (B), bum plus fertilizer (BF), a velvet bean intercrop (G), and a velvet bean intercrop plus fertilizer (GF). Velvet bean intercropping did not have a positive effect on corn yields on these soils. For adequate yields to be maintained, it appears that fertilization with N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and certain micronutrients are required. We did obtain some indication that velvet bean intercropping will reduce weed population, including a serious infestation of cogongrass (Jmperata cylindrica). Velvet bean did not maintain the soil N content Corn yields decreased on the Louisville soil at San Victor from a range of 2,804 kg/ha to 3,181 kg/ha in 1990 to 1,783 kg/ha to 2,065 kg/ha in 1992. There were no significant treatment effects in any year. With the Xaibe soil, no yields were obtained in 1990 because of weed competition. In 1991, yields ranged from 555 kg/ha to 1,146 kg/ha (no significant treatment effects). In 1992, the fertilized plots, BF and GF, had corn yields of 1,391 kg/ha and 1,592 kg/ha, respectively. The unfertilized plots, B and G, had corn yields of 751 kg/ha and 699 kg/ha, respectively. We did obtain sufficient information valuable for persons making fertilizer recommendations on similar types of soil. The Mehlich 3 and the ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA extractant (the latter extractant similar to that used in Belize) did not give good correlations between P and K leaf levels and corn yields. Where soil test P and K were often adequate, corn ear leaf levels were deficient (and presumably yields were reduced because of this metabolic deficiency). We concluded from both soil tests and leaf analyses that the micronutrients copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) are seldom, if ever, limiting plant growth and grain yield, although there appears to be seasonal differences. With both soils, soil tests were not good indicators of zinc (Zn) concentrations in the leaf. In 1992, soil tests indicated adequacy of this element, although leaf Zn was deficient in all plots on the Louisville soil in 1990, most plots in 1992, and several plots on the Xaibe soil in both years.

Intercropping

Velvet

10.1080/00103629609369696

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Citations (10)

Properties of Some Tidal Marsh Soils of Florida

Soil Science Society of America Journal (1976)

C. L. Coultas Frank G. Calhoun

Abstract Psammaquents, Sulfihemists, and Sulfaquents were found in the tidal marshes of Hernando (Gulf Coast) and Duval (Atlantic Coast) counties, in Florida. They were saline and near neutral in pH and, with the exception of the Psammaquents, contained higher levels of S (2.66–5.19%). Hernando County soils were shallow over limestone and much sandier than those in east Florida. Duval County soil clays were primarily montmorillonite, mica, and kaolinite but Hernando County soil clays were mostly vermiculite‐chlorite intergrade and kaolinite‐metahalloysite. Except for one of the Psammaquents, the soils contained relatively high levels of organic matter (7.8–28.9% organic C) and extractable bases. Juncus roemerianus Scheele is the principal plant in these marshes. The bulk density of the organic soil layers ranged from 0.13 to 0.36 g/cm 3 , whereas that of the clayey layers was 0.16 to 0.25 g/cm 3 .

10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000010022x

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Citations (11)

The Soils of the Intertidal Zone of Rookery Bay, Florida

Soil Science Society of America Journal (1978)

C. L. Coultas

Abstract The intertidal zone of Rookery Bay, Florida is vegetated primarily with mangrove trees. Mangroves are important to the south Florida fisheries. This work was undertaken to characterize and classify the intertidal soils of Rookery Bay in order to better understand and manage these areas. Most intertidal soils are classified as Typic Sulfihemists‐Typic Sulfaquents. They consist of thin organic deposits over fine sands to sandy clay loam. Spodic Psammaquents also occur at higher elevations. These soils are very poorly drained, saline, and saturated with extractable bases. Most soil samples became more acidic upon drying, probably due to the oxidation of S containing materials. Total S ranged from 0.75% to 1.77% in the sulfidic horizon.

Rookery

10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200010024x

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Citations (6)