Simon Higginson

Water Corporation of Western Australia (Australia)

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Youyu Lu

Bedford Institute of Oceanography

Frédéric Dupont

Environment and Climate Change Canada

G. C. Moore Smith

Environment and Climate Change Canada

Elizabeth H. Shadwick

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Helmuth Thomas

Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon

Susanne E. Craig

Goddard Space Flight Center

Gerhard J. Herndl

Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research

Lesley Salt

Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung

Jorge Urrego‐Blanco

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Gilles Garric

Mercator Ocean (France)

Cooperative Institutions

Fisheries and Oceans Canada

CSIRO Land and Water

Bedford Institute of Oceanography

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Dalhousie University

University of Western Australia

Environment and Climate Change Canada

National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training

Flinders University

Mercator Ocean (France)

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A high-resolution ocean and sea-ice modelling system for the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans

Geoscientific model development (2015)

Frédéric Dupont Simon Higginson Romain Bourdallé-Badie Youyu Lu F. Roy

Abstract. As part of the CONCEPTS (Canadian Operational Network of Coupled Environmental PredicTion Systems) initiative, a high-resolution (1/12°) ice–ocean regional model is developed covering the North Atlantic and the Arctic oceans. The long-term objective is to provide Canada with short-term ice–ocean predictions and hazard warnings in ice-infested regions. To evaluate the modelling component (as opposed to the analysis – or data-assimilation – component, which is not covered in this contribution), a series of hindcasts for the period 2003–2009 is carried out, forced at the surface by the Canadian GDPS reforecasts (Smith et al., 2014). These hindcasts test how the model represents upper ocean characteristics and ice cover. Each hindcast implements a new aspect of the modelling or the ice–ocean coupling. Notably, the coupling to the multi-category ice model CICE is tested. The hindcast solutions are then assessed using a verification package under development, including in situ and satellite ice and ocean observations. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the model reproduces reasonably well the time mean, variance and skewness of sea surface height; (2) the model biases in temperature and salinity show that while the mean properties follow expectations, the Pacific Water signature in the Beaufort Sea is weaker than observed; (3) the modelled freshwater content of the Arctic agrees well with observational estimates; (4) the distribution and volume of the sea ice are shown to be improved in the latest hindcast due to modifications to the drag coefficients and to some degree to the ice thickness distribution available in CICE; (5) nonetheless, the model still overestimates the ice drift and ice thickness in the Beaufort Gyre.

Hindcast

10.5194/gmd-8-1577-2015

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Citations (81)

Evaluating two infiltration gallery designs for managed aquifer recharge using secondary treated wastewater

Journal of Environmental Management (2013)

Elise Bekele S. Toze Bradley M. Patterson Wolfgang Fegg Mark Shackleton

Infiltration (HVAC)

10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.018

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Citations (30)

Alkenone unsaturation in surface sediments from the eastern equatorial Pacific: Implications for SST reconstructions

Paleoceanography (2012)

Markus Kienast G. MacIntyre Nathalie Dubois Simon Higginson Claire Normandeau

Significant uncertainties persist in the reconstruction of past sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific, especially regarding the amplitude of the glacial cooling and the details of the post‐glacial warming. Here we present the first regional calibration of alkenone unsaturation in surface sediments versus mean annual sea surface temperatures (maSST). Based on 81 new and 48 previously published data points, it is shown that open ocean samples conform to established global regressions of U 37 K′ versus maSST and that there is no systematic bias from seasonality in the production or export of alkenones, or from surface ocean nutrient concentrations or salinity. The flattening of the regression at the highest maSSTs is found to be statistically insignificant. For the near‐coastal Peru upwelling zone between 11–15°S and 76–79°W, however, we corroborate earlier observations that U 37 K′ SST estimates significantly over‐estimate maSSTs at many sites. We posit that this is caused either by uncertainties in the determination of maSSTs in this highly dynamic environment, or by biasing of the alkenone paleothermometer toward El Niño events as postulated by Rein et al. (2005).

Alkenone

paleoceanography

10.1029/2011pa002254

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Citations (48)

Aquifer residence times for recycled water estimated using chemical tracers and the propagation of temperature signals at a managed aquifer recharge site in Australia

Hydrogeology Journal (2014)

Elise Bekele Bradley M. Patterson S. Toze Andrew J.S. Furness Simon Higginson

TRACER

10.1007/s10040-014-1142-0

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Citations (28)

Estimating ocean climatologies for short periods: A simple technique for removing the effect of eddies from temperature and salinity profiles

Geophysical Research Letters (2009)

Simon Higginson Keith R. Thompson Y. Liu

Existing temperature and salinity ocean climatologies are usually mean fields based on observations collected over many decades. Because of low frequency variability of major features such as the Gulf Stream it is often more appropriate to define the mean for shorter periods, but there are subsequently fewer observations and more problems with aliasing of mesoscale variability. We present a method for removing eddy‐related noise from observations using satellite altimeter sea surface height measurements. We demonstrate the technique using Argo observations from the northwest Atlantic and produce mean temperature and salinity fields for an eight year period. The reduction in variance achieved is quantified. Comparison with an existing climatology shows that there is good agreement between the two analyses but that the representation of the Gulf Stream is more realistic in the new climatology.

Argo

Temperature salinity diagrams

Sea-surface height

Satellite Altimetry

Gulf Stream

10.1029/2009gl039647

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Citations (1)

Direct observations of diel biological CO2 fixation on the Scotian Shelf, northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Helmuth Thomas Susanne E. Craig B. J. W. Greenan Wayne V. Burt Gerhard J. Herndl

Diel vertical migration

Source

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Managed aquifer recharge of treated wastewater: Water quality changes resulting from infiltration through the vadose zone

Water Research (2011)

Elise Bekele S. Toze Bradley M. Patterson Simon Higginson

Infiltration (HVAC)

10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.058

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Citations (113)

Fluoride release from carbonate-rich fluorapatite during managed aquifer recharge: Model-based development of mitigation strategies

Water Research (2021)

David Schäfer Jing Sun James D. Jamieson Adam J. Siade Olivier Atteia

Fluoride-bearing apatite minerals such as fluorapatite (FAP: Ca10(PO4)6F2) and related carbonate-rich fluorapatites (CFA: Ca10(PO4)5(CO3,F)F2), which occur ubiquitously as trace components of rocks and sediments, may act as sources for geogenic groundwater fluoride contamination. CFA dissolution often occurs in conjunction with declining dissolved calcium concentrations. Therefore, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) operations using deionised or low calcium source water are at risk of disturbing the naturally persisting geochemical equilibrium between CFA and the ambient groundwater and induce fluoride mobilisation. In this study, we employ reactive transport modelling to investigate how an engineered manipulation of the MAR source water composition might mitigate such groundwater fluoride contamination. Based on a previously developed and calibrated model for Australia's largest groundwater replenishment operation, we investigate the efficiency of (i) raising aqueous calcium concentration through the addition of CaCl2 or Ca(OH)2 amendment, (ii) raising aqueous sodium concentrations through the addition of NaCl or sea salt amendment and (iii) raising the pH. The modelling results illustrate in detail how the geochemical zonation around injection boreholes evolves over time and how this affects fluoride release and attenuation for the different amendment types. Treatments involving the addition of calcium and sodium in the source water are both found to be effective at reducing maximum groundwater fluoride concentrations during MAR, with calcium generally producing the greatest reduction in maximum fluoride concentrations. In contrast, increasing the injectate pH was found to be inefficient in reducing fluoride concentrations significantly due to the strong pH buffering effect of the aquifer sediments.

Fluorapatite

Amendment

Carbonate minerals

10.1016/j.watres.2021.116880

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Citations (16)

The Slope of Sea Level along the North American Atlantic Coast

EGUGA (2014)

Simon Higginson Philip Woodworth Christopher W. Hughes Keith R. Thompson

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The mean surface circulation of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre: A comparison of estimates derived from new gravity and oceanographic measurements

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2011)

Simon Higginson Keith R. Thompson Jianliang Huang M. Véronneau Dennis G. Wright

[1] A new mean sea surface topography (MSST) is used to estimate the surface circulation of the subpolar gyre of the northwest Atlantic. The MSST is produced using a new geoid model derived from a blend of gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, satellite altimeters, and terrestrial measurements. The MSST is compared with a topography produced by an ocean model which is spectrally nudged to a new Argo period temperature and salinity climatology. The mean surface circulation associated with the geodetic MSST is compared with estimates of the circulation from surface drifters, moorings, and other in situ measurements. The geodetic MSST and circulation estimate are found to be in good agreement with the other estimates, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The topography is found to be an improvement over an earlier geodetic estimate with better resolution of the coastal currents. Deficiencies are identified in the ocean model's estimate of flow over shelf regions.

Circulation (fluid dynamics)

10.1029/2010jc006877

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Citations (18)