Jordan J. Lindsay

University of Exeter

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Iain McDonald

Cardiff University

Jens C.Ø. Andersen

University of Exeter

Hannah S.R. Hughes

University of Exeter

Chris Yeomans

Fiona Stanley Hospital

Marcell Leonard Besser

Serviço Geológico do Brasil - CPRM

Matthew Head

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Edir Edemir Arioli

Governo do Estado de Mato Grosso

Jacqueline Edge

The Faraday Institution

Evangelos Kallitsis

Imperial College London

Billy Wu

Imperial College London

Cooperative Institutions

University of Exeter

British Geological Survey

Cardiff University

The Faraday Institution

Imperial College London

Serviço Geológico do Brasil - CPRM

Universidade Federal do Paraná

University of the Witwatersrand

University College London

Camborne Redruth Community Hospital

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Distinct sulfur saturation histories within the Palaeogene Magilligan Sill, Northern Ireland: implications for Ni – Cu – platinum group element mineralisation in the North Atlantic Igneous Province

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2019)

Jordan J. Lindsay Hannah S.R. Hughes Dermot Smyth Iain McDonald Adrian J. Boyce

The ∼60 m thick Magilligan Sill is part of the British Palaeogene Igneous Province in the North Atlantic. The sill comprises layers of dolerite and olivine gabbro, and it intrudes a thick sequence of Mesozoic mudstones and marls, which are locally baked at the sill margins. Since 2014, the sill has been an exploration target for orthomagmatic Ni – Cu – platinum group element (PGE) sulfide mineralisation analogous to the Noril’sk-Talnakh intrusion in Russia. We present new petrological, geochemical, and S isotope data to assess the prospectivity of the sill and the underlying magmatic plumbing system. Most sulfides in the dolerite portions of the sill are <50 μm in size and comprise only pyrite with PGE abundances below the detection limit. In the olivine gabbros, >150 μm size pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite grains contain <4 ppm total PGE, 1460 ppm Co, and 88 ppm Ag. Pyrite from the dolerites have δ 34 S ranging from −10.0‰ to +3.4‰ and olivine gabbro sulfides range from −2.5‰ to −1.1‰, suggesting widespread crustal contamination. The S/Se ratios of sulfides in the dolerites and olivine gabbros range from 3500 to 19 500 and from 1970 to 3710, respectively, indicating that the latter may have come from upstream in the magma plumbing system. The Magilligan Sill records multiple injections of mafic magma into an inflating sill package, each with distinct mechanisms towards S saturation. Whilst the sulfide minerals in the sill do not constitute significant mineralisation themselves, detailed in situ studies highlight a divergence in S saturation histories and suggest that a larger volume of olivine gabbro sulfides at depth may be prospective.

Sill

Pentlandite

Large igneous province

Layered intrusion

10.1139/cjes-2018-0141

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Citations (0)

A machine learning approach for regional geochemical data: Platinum-group element geochemistry vs geodynamic settings of the North Atlantic Igneous Province

Geoscience Frontiers (2020)

Jordan J. Lindsay Hannah S.R. Hughes Chris Yeomans Jens C.Ø. Andersen Iain McDonald

Whilst traditional approaches to geochemistry provide valuable insights into magmatic processes such as melting and element fractionation, by considering entire regional data sets on an objective basis using machine learning algorithms (MLAs), we can highlight new facets within the broader data structure and significantly enhance previous geochemical interpretations. The platinum-group element (PGE) budget of lavas in the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) has been shown to vary systematically according to age, geographic location and geodynamic environment. Given the large multi-element geochemical data set available for the region, MLAs were employed to explore the magmatic controls on these shifting concentrations. The key advantage of using machine learning in analysis is its ability to cluster samples across multi-dimensional (i.e., multi-element) space. The NAIP data set is manipulated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (t-SNE) techniques to increase separability in the data alongside clustering using the k-means MLA. The new multi-element classification is compared to the original geographic classification to assess the performance of both approaches. The workflow provides a means for creating an objective high-dimensional investigation on a geochemical data set and particularly enhances the identification of metallogenic anomalies across the region. The techniques used highlight three distinct multi-element end-members which successfully capture the variability of the majority of elements included as input variables. These end-members are seen to fluctuate in prominence throughout the NAIP, which we propose reflects the changing geodynamic environment and melting source. Crucially, the variability of Pt and Pd are not reflected in MLA-based clustering trends, suggesting that they vary independently through controls not readily demonstrated by the NAIP major or trace element data structure (i.e., other proxies for magmatic differentiation). This data science approach thus highlights that PGE (here signalled by Pt/Pd ratio) may be used to identify otherwise localised or cryptic geochemical inputs from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) during the ascent of plume-derived magma, and thereby impact upon the resulting metallogenic basket.

Platinum group

Data set

10.1016/j.gsf.2020.10.005

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Citations (19)

Application of the tilt derivative transform to bathymetric data for structural lineament mapping

Journal of Structural Geology (2021)

Chris Yeomans Matthew Head Jordan J. Lindsay

Lineament

Feature (linguistics)

Directional derivative

10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104301

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Platinum-group element geochemistry of the Paraná flood basalts – Modelling metallogenesis in rifting continental plume environments

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (2021)

Jordan J. Lindsay Jens C.Ø. Andersen Hannah S.R. Hughes Iain McDonald Alan R. Hastie

The 135 Ma Paraná-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (PELIP) is one of the largest areas of continental flood basalt (CFB) volcanism in the world and is widely agreed to be a product of intracontinental melts related to thermal anomalies from the Tristan mantle plume. The province rifted during the break-up of Gondwana, as the plume transitioned into an oceanic geodynamic environment. This study reports analyses of plume-derived basalts from the Brazilian side of the PELIP (the Serra Geral Group) to investigate major, trace and platinum-group element (PGE) abundances in an evolving plume-rift metallogenic setting, with the aim of contextualising metallogenic controls alongside existing magmatic interpretations of the region. The chalcophile geochemistry of these basalts defines three distinct metallogenic groupings that fit with three modern multi-element magma classifications for Serra Geral lavas. In this scheme, Type 4 lavas have a distinctive PGE-poor signature, Type 1 (Central-Northern) lavas are enriched in Pd, Au and Cu, and Type 1 (Southern) lavas are enriched in Ru and Rh. Our trace element melt modelling indicates that the compositional variations result from changes in the melting regime between the garnet and spinel stability fields, in response to the thinning and 'unlidding' of the rifting continent above. This process imposes progressively shallower melting depths and higher degrees of partial melting. Accordingly, Type 4 magmas formed from small degree melts, reducing the likelihood of sulphide exhaustion/chalcophile acquisition at source. Type 1 (Central-Northern) magmas incorporated components of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) in higher-degree partial melts; the SCLM was heterogeneously enriched via metasomatism prior to plume melting, and this produced enrichment in volatile metals (Pd, Cu, and Au) in these magmas. In contrast, the Ru-Rh enrichment in Type 1 (Southern) lavas is attributed to increased spinel-group mineral and sulphide incorporation from the mantle into higher degree partial melts close to the continental rift zone. Our models confirm the importance of contributions from SCLM melts in precious metal mineral systems within CFB provinces, and reinforce the role of heterogeneous metasomatic enrichment underneath cratons in boosting intracontinental prospectivity with respect to ore deposits.

Flood basalt

Mantle plume

Large igneous province

Platinum group

Trace element

10.1016/j.gca.2021.07.035

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Citations (4)

Think global act local: The dependency of global lithium-ion battery emissions on production location and material sources

Journal of Cleaner Production (2024)

Evangelos Kallitsis Jordan J. Lindsay Mudit Chordia Billy Wu Gregory J. Offer

The pursuit of low-carbon transport has significantly increased demand for lithium-ion batteries. However, the rapid increase in battery manufacturing, without adequate consideration of the carbon emissions associated with their production and material demands, poses the threat of shifting the bulk of emissions upstream. In this article, a life cycle assessment (LCA) model is developed to account for the cradle-to-gate carbon footprint of lithium-ion batteries across 26 Chinese provinces, 20 North American locations and 19 countries in Europe and Asia. Analysis of published LCA data reveals significant uncertainty associated with the carbon emissions of key battery materials; their overall contribution to the carbon footprint of a LIB varies by a factor of ca. 4 depending on production route and source. The links between production location and the gate-to-gate carbon footprint of battery manufacturing are explored, with predicted median values ranging between 0.1 and 69.5 kg CO2-eq kWh−1. Leading western-world battery manufacturing locations in the US and Europe, such as Kentucky and Poland are found to have comparable carbon emissions to Chinese rivals, even exceeding the carbon emissions of battery manufacturing in several Chinese provinces. Such resolution on material and energy contributions to the carbon footprint of LIBs is essential to inform policy- and decision-making to minimise the carbon emissions of the battery value chain. Given the current status quo, the global carbon footprint of the lithium-ion battery industry is projected to reach up to 1.0 Gt CO2-eq per year within the next decade. With material supply chain decarbonisation and energy savings in battery manufacturing, a lower estimate of 0.5 Gt CO2-eq per year is possible.

Carbon Footprint

Carbon fibers

10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141725

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Life cycle assessment and water use impacts of lithium production from salar deposits: Challenges and opportunities

Resources Conservation and Recycling (2024)

Rowan T. Halkes Andrew Hughes Frances Wall Evi Petavratzi Robert Pell

Lithium is a critical raw material for the energy transition and the salar brine deposits of South America host ∼70% of global resources. However, there are concerns regarding water use, and the associated impacts, of lithium production from these deposits. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is becoming increasingly prevalent in the analysis of raw materials sustainability, but current methods are regarded as unsatisfactory for assessing water use impacts related to lithium production from salar deposits. This work explores the challenges and opportunities for improvement in this context. We outline how the classification and assessment of water types could be improved and identify Water Availability Assessments, groundwater specific CFs, salar-specific methodologies and multiple mid-point indicators as areas for further investigation. This will aid the development of LCA methodology and enable an improved assessment of the sustainability of lithium production from salar deposits in South America and by extension help decouple decarbonisation efforts from negative impacts.

10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107554

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Citations (16)