Eduardo Campos

Universidad Católica del Norte

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Rodrigo Riquelme

Universidad Católica del Norte

Sébastien Carretier

Géosciences Environnement Toulouse

Stéphanie Brichau

Géosciences Environnement Toulouse

Thomas Bissig

University of British Columbia

S. Muñoz

Universidad Católica del Norte

Caroline Sanchez

Université Grenoble Alpes

Benedikt Ritter

University of Cologne

Héctor Pizarro

University of Chile

Tibor J. Dunai

University of Cologne

Zia Steven Kahou

Université de Lorraine

Cooperative Institutions

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Universidad Católica del Norte

University of Chile

Géosciences Environnement Toulouse

Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier

Université de Toulouse

University of Cologne

Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées

Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Hydrothermal fluid evolution in the Escondida porphyry copper deposit, northern Chile: evidence from SEM-CL imaging of quartz veins and LA-ICP-MS of fluid inclusions

Mineralium Deposita (2021)

Karl Riveros-Jensen Eduardo Campos Jamie J. Wilkinson Clara C. Wilkinson A. T. Kearsley

Overprinting

Pseudomorph

Hypogene

10.1007/s00126-021-01058-z

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Citations (12)

Neogene basin infilling from cosmogenic nuclides (¹⁰Be and ²¹Ne) in Atacama, Chile: Implications for palaeoclimate and supergene copper mineralization

Basin Research (2021)

Caroline Sanchez Vincent Regard Sébastien Carretier Rodrigo Riquelme Pierre‐Henri Blard

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that supergene exotic copper deposits were emplaced during periods of geomorphic quiescence and pulses of humidity in arid environments. We tested this idea in the Centinela Mining District in the Atacama Desert (northern Chile). We collected 14 sand samples at depth (up to 110 m) in two open‐pit mines (Central Tesoro and Mirador) exposing Miocene sediment, and located in the El Tesoro Basin, which hosts two exotic copper‐rich orebodies. We inverted the 10 Be and 21 Ne concentrations by using a two‐box model (IMIS, inversion of multi‐isotopes in a sedimentary basin) composed of an eroding source of sediment and a depositional sedimentary basin, and by selecting denudation and sedimentation rate histories that can explain our data. The ages found demonstrate that the two exotic orebodies were deposited during a narrow period between 14 Ma (10 Ma younger than previously thought) and 9.5 Ma, when an ignimbrite covered the sedimentary sequence. The dated lower exotic copper orebody was deposited during or just before a sharp decrease in the sedimentation rates (from >100 to 0.5–5 m/Ma), which is consistent with published sedimentological and carbonate isotopic data in this district. This confirms the idea that exotic deposits form during a quiescence of the geomorphic activity. Nevertheless, our model suggests that the back‐ground denudation rate providing sediment to these basins between ca. 14 Ma and ca. 9.5 Ma was surprisingly high (>250 m/Ma) for such an arid environment. These denudation rates can be explained by a relatively rapid local back‐scarp retreat providing most of the sediment to these basins and possibly a wetter climate compared to the present. Then, during the period 10–7 Ma, the denudation rates decreased to >50 m/Ma. This decrease may correspond to a local progressive decrease in the slope of the surrounding hills, or to a progressive aridification, or a combination of both phenomena.

Denudation

Neogene

10.1111/bre.12568

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Citations (3)

Large-scale porphyry-type mineralization in the Central Asian metallogenic domain: A review

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (2017)

Jun Gao Reiner Klemd Mingtian Zhu Xinshui Wang Jilei Li

Back-arc basin

Basement

10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.10.002

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Citations (144)

Neogene basin infilling from cosmogenic nuclides (10Be and 21Ne) in Atacama, Chile

EGUGA (2017)

Caroline Sanchez Vincent Regard Sébastien Carretier Rodrigo Riquelme Pierre‐Henri Blard

Cosmogenic nuclide

Neogene

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Magmatic Fluid Inclusions from the Zaldivar Deposit, Northern Chile: The Role of Early Metal‐bearing Fluids in a Porphyry Copper System

Resource Geology (2006)

Eduardo Campos Jacques Touret I. Nikogosian

Abstract. The occurrence of a distinct type of multi‐solid, highly‐saline fluid inclusions, hosted in igneous quartz phe‐nocrysts from the Llamo porphyry, in the Zaldivar porphyry copper deposit of northern Chile is documented. Total homoge‐nization of the multi‐solid type inclusions occurs at magmatic temperatures (over 750d̀C), well above the typical temperatures of hydro thermal fluids (less than 600d̀C) usually recorded in porphyry copper systems. The analysis of this type of fluid inclusions, using a combination of non‐destructive microthermometry, Raman and PIXE techniques and the identification of daughter minerals by SEM method, indicates that the trapped fluid was a dense, complex chloride brine in which Cl, Na, K, Fe, Cu, and Mn are dominant. The high chlorine and metal contents indicate that the metals were separated from the crystallizing magma as homogeneous aqueous chloride‐rich solutions that represent the primary magmatic fluids exsolved at high temperatures and depth during the crystallization of the parental intrusive. The multi‐solid type inclusion illustrates the mechanism by which ore components are sequestered from the crystallizing parental magma and concentrated in the exsolved magmatic aqueous fluids. These fluids are significant with respect to the origin of porphyry copper deposits, as they are responsible for the first enrichment of metals and represent the precursors of metal‐bearing hydrothermal fluids in a porphyry copper system.

Melt inclusions

Magmatic water

10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00262.x

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Citations (17)

Relationship Between Hydrothermal Alteration Index and Geological Attributes at Chuquicamata Cu–Mo Porphyry Deposit, Chile

Resource Geology (2017)

Héctor Véliz Eduardo Campos Andrew Menzies Valdivia Ljubitza

Abstract The distribution of mineral zones, hydrothermal alteration assemblages and ore associations are important geological attributes of the Chuquicamata Porphyry Cu–Mo deposit. The development and morphology of these attributes were influenced by syn‐mineralization structures with later modification of post‐mineralization tectonism to yield the present day form. In this work we evaluate the elemental mass transfer index due to hydrothermalism by using Pearce Element Ratios, using a database of 1110 samples consisting of elemental concentrations by chemical analysis. We study the relationship of the aforementioned index with the geological attributes in the porphyry as well as evaluate the type of information that the index provides according to its distribution, magnitude and variability. The magnitudes of the alteration index are organized into deciles, each of which represents a source of information, or macrostate. Within these, the geological attribute, or microstate, has a probability to participate that depends on the possible categorization of a particular attributes. The amount of information or uncertainty that each geological attribute provides to each decile of the distribution of the alteration index is determined by measuring the value of entropy. The results indicate that this distribution is controlled by the geometric–kinematic properties of syn‐mineralization structures that generate the primary pattern related to potassic alteration that develops in the hanging wall of the East Shear Zone. Subsequently the shape of the potassic alteration is modified by the kinematic effect imposed by the Americana and Estanques Blancos faults, and this broadly defines the geometry of the Qz–Mo event and the shape of the phyllic alteration. In addition, the sinistral‐inverse shear of the West Fault Zone allows the construction of an enriched blanket and also generates the drag fold that is characteristically observed in the south wall of the mine. All of the above events combine to yield the final geometry of the geological attributes that controls the shape and magnitude of the alteration index in the porphyry. The magnitude of the alteration index is mainly driven by the potassic and phyllic alteration stages. Potassic alteration is dominant in the first four deciles, while phyllic alteration is dominant in the last six deciles. Supergene mineralization attributes contribute discreetly to the average magnitude of the alteration index for each decile. The distribution of the probability of participation of the geological attributes in the distribution of the alteration index suggests that in the potassic alteration, biotite and green‐gray sericite facies contribute to strengthen the index in an associated manner, while in the phyllic alteration, the Qz–Ser textural type is the most significant.

Mineral exploration

Decile

10.1111/rge.12128

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Citations (5)

Dating technics applied to supergene copper deposits

Stéphanie Brichau Caroline Sanchez Zia Steven Kahou Sébastien Carretier Rodrigo Riquelme

Constraining the timing of geological events is a key issue in many Earth Sciences related studies. Over the last 15 years, technical improvement associated with the development of data modeling provided new perspectives due to greater analytical precisions, the ability to measure low contents and better interpretation of complex histories by combining different dating technics. In the Atacama Desert, supergene processes formed world-class ore deposits that are mined because of their high Cu-contents. The supergene mineralization are mainly found closely to porphyry-Cu deposits or in a distal location as exotic Cu-deposits. The main problem with most of these exotic deposits is that they are often buried under sediments and therefore hard to find. The formation of such deposits is proposed to be related to specific climatic periods and relief conditions. However, many uncertainties remain regarding the emplacement ages of these deposits. These data are of prime importance for the exploration of new deposits and to constrain the paleoenvironmental conditions needed for their formation. Therefore, we have carried out a study integrating thermochronology (fission tracks and (U-Th)/He) and geochronology (LA-ICP-MS U-Pb). We applied thermochronology on porphyry-Cu deposits and modeled the data set to constrain their exhumation history. Our results, compared to previously published supergene oxide mineralization dating, indicate that supergene mineralization occurred ~10 Ma after the main period of porphyry-Cu exhumation during a stage of slow landscape denudation. This appears to be a required condition for efficient supergene Cu-enrichment in arid context. However, this study rose the question about the accuracy of supergene Cu-enrichment dating previously defined using K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating on associated minerals (not directly on the mineralization itself). Therefore, we attempted to date directly Cu ores (pseudomalachite and Mn-rich chrysocolla from Chuquicamata) using the in-situ U-Pb LA-ICP-MS method. The data obtained define a concordant date at about 20 Ma, coherent with supergene ages already known in the Atacama Desert, and demonstrating, for the first time, that supergene Cu mineralization can be dated by the U-Pb method. Our studies demonstrate that the combination of different dating technics and modelling is a powerful tool that can contribute to propose a metallogenical model for the formation of supergene exotic Cu mineralization.

Supergene (geology)

Thermochronology

Denudation

Geochronology

Hypogene

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Geomorphological Significance of the Atacama Pediplain as a Marker for the Climatic and Tectonic Evolution of the Andean Forearc

SSRN Electronic Journal (2022)

S. Muñoz Benedikt Ritter Tibor J. Dunai Jorge Morales-Leal Eduardo Campos

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Forearc

10.2139/ssrn.4058814

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Citations (1)

Constraints of Fe-O isotopes on the origin of magnetite in the El Laco Kiruna-type iron deposit, Chile

Ore Geology Reviews (2020)

Qiuhong Xie Zhaochong Zhang Eduardo Campos Jun Deng Zhiguo Cheng

Andesites

10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103967

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Citations (12)

Evolution of Irruputuncu volcano, Central Andes, northern Chile