Garnets in continentally derived high-pressure (HP) rocks of the Sesia Zone (Western Alps) exhibit three different chemical zonation patterns, depending on sample locality. Comparison of observed garnet zonation patterns with thermodynamically modelled patterns shows that the different patterns are caused by differences in the water content of the subducted protoliths during prograde metamorphism. Zonation patterns of garnets in water-saturated host rocks show typical prograde chemical zonations with steadily increasing pyrope content and increasing XMg, together with bell-shaped spessartine patterns. In contrast, garnets in water-undersaturated rocks have more complex zonation patterns with a characteristic decrease in pyrope and XMg between core and inner rim. In some cases, garnets show an abrupt compositional change in core-to-rim profiles, possibly due to water-undersaturation prior to HP metamorphism. Garnets from both water-saturated and water-undersaturated rocks show signs of intervening growth interruptions and core resorption. This growth interruption results from bulk-rock depletion caused by fractional garnet crystallization.
Abstract The Periadriatic fault system (PFS) is an array of late orogenic faults (35-15 Ma) in the retro-wedge of the Alpine orogen that accommodated dextral transpression during oblique indentation by the southern Alpine crust. Decoupling along the leading edges of the southern Alpine indenter occurred where inherited lithological and rheological contrasts were accentuated by lateral thermal gradients during emplacement of the warm orogenic retro-wedge next to the cold indenter. In contrast, decoupling within the core and retro-wedge of the orogen occurred in a network of folds and mylonitic faults. In the Eastern Alps, this network comprises conjugate sets of upright, constrictional folds, strike-slip faults and low-angle normal faults that accommodated nearly coaxial NNE-SSW shortening and E-W extensional exhumation of the Tauern thermal dome. The dextral shear component of oblique convergence was taken up by a discrete, brittle fault parallel to the indenter surface. In the Central and Western Alps, a steep mylonitic backthrust, upright folds, and low-angle normal faults effected transpressional exhumation of the Lepontine thermal dome. Mylonitic thrusting and dextral strike-slip shearing along the steep indenter surface are transitional along strike to low-angle normal faults that accommodated extension at the western termination of the PFS. The areal distribution of poles to mylonitic foliation and stretching lineation of these networked structures is related to the local shape and orientation of the southern Alpine indenter surface, supporting the interpretation of this surface as the macroscopic shearing plane for all mylonitic segments of the PFS. We propose that mylonitic faults nucleate as viscous instabilities induced by cooling, or more often, by folding and progressive rotation of pre-existing foliations into orientations that are optimal for simple shearing parallel to the eigenvectors of flow. The mechanical anisotropy of the viscous continental crust makes it a preferred site of decoupling and weakening. Networking of folds and mylonitic fault zones allow the viscous crust to maintain strain compatibility between the stronger brittle crust and upper mantle, while transmitting plate forces through the lithosphere. Decoupling within the continental lithosphere is therefore governed by the symmetry and kinematics of strain partitioning at, and below, the brittle-to-viscous transition.
The Sesia Zone within the Tertiary arc of the western Alps is a relic of the subducted part of the Adriatic continental margin along the SE border of the Tethyan ocean. The Sesia Zone comprises three basement nappes which individuated during Late Cretaceous (65–80 Ma) subduction to different depths at high‐pressure (HP, blueschist, eclogite facies) conditions (peak pressures of 1.0–1.2, 1.0–1.5, and 1.5–2.0 GPa). The thrusts bounding these nappes developed where the crust was previously thinned during Jurassic rifting. Crustal‐scale shear zones partly overprinted these early thrusts and exhumed coherent slices of crust containing HP rocks. Initial exhumation of the internal part of the accreted margin involved thrusting (D1) and transpressional shearing (D2) along a subvertical, E‐W trending mylonitic shear zone under retrograde blueschist‐ to greenschist‐facies conditions. This exhumation was nearly isothermal to a depth of about 25 km, where the basement nappes were juxtaposed. Subsequent exhumation of these nappes to a common depth of about 15–20 km occurred in the footwall of a greenschist‐facies, top‐SE extensional shear zone (D3) preserved in some of the highest mountain peaks of the Sesia Zone. New Rb‐Sr mineral ages constrain D2 to have occurred at about 60–65 Ma and D3 at about 45–55 Ma. Thus top‐SE extensional exhumation was broadly coeval with Eocene, SE directed subduction of the Liguro‐Piemont oceanic lithosphere beneath the Adriatic margin. Slow cooling and erosional denudation of the Sesia Zone from 45 to 30 Ma occurred in the hanging wall of the Gressoney extensional shear zone (D4), which itself contributed to the exhumation of Eocene HP and ultra‐HP oceanic rocks in its footwall. By 30 Ma, HP rocks of the Sesia Zone were intruded by shallow granitic plutons which were eroded and redeposited within volcanoclastic sediments. Oligo‐Miocene Insubric backfolding and thrusting (D5) only exhumed northeastern parts of the Sesia Zone, where HP metamorphism is absent or was overprinted by Tertiary temperature‐dominated metamorphism. Most exhumation of continental HP rocks in the Sesia Zone therefore preceded Tertiary Alpine collision and coincided with Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary subduction of the Adriatic and Tethyan lithosphere. The transition from D2 to D3 in the Sesia Zone is interpreted to mark a change from high‐stress, oblique SE directed subduction and accretion of the distal Adriatic continental margin to NW retreating, low‐stress subduction of the Liguro‐Piemont oceanic lithosphere.
