Ernesto De Carolis

National Archaeological Museum

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Giovanni Patricelli

Annamaria Ciarallo

Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Rom

Raffaello Cioni

University of Florence

Nagore Prieto‐Taboada

University of the Basque Country

Giacomo Chiari

Getty Conservation Institute

Annamaria Perrotta

University of Naples Federico II

Elena Zanella

University of Turin

Maite Maguregui

University of the Basque Country

Lucia Gurioli

Université Clermont Auvergne

Iker Marcaida

University of the Basque Country

Cooperative Institutions

University of the Basque Country

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

University of Naples Federico II

Terra

University of Turin

Ambiente Italia (Italy)

Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Universidad de Valladolid

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Impact of the AD 79 explosive eruption on Pompeii, II. Causes of death of the inhabitants inferred by stratigraphic analysis and areal distribution of the human casualties

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2003)

Giuseppe Luongo Annamaria Perrotta Claudio Scarpati Ernesto De Carolis Giovanni Patricelli

Lapilli

Pumice

Pyroclastic fall

Peléan eruption

10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00147-1

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Citations (89)

Gemmological Analysis of a Roman Sapphire Intaglio and Its Possible Origin

Journal of gemmology/The journal of gemmology (2019)

Michael S. Krzemnicki Flavio Butini Enrico Butini Ernesto De Carolis

The gemmological analysis of a Roman intaglio engraved with a hippocamp (winged ‘sea-horse’) reveals that it was carved from a sapphire of basaltic origin. Its bluish grey appearance is due to Rayleigh scattering by sub-microscopic inclusions and is not related to an intervalence charge transfer process. In light of historically documented extensive trade relations between ancient Rome and Ethiopia (the kingdom of Aksum), we hypothesise that the recently documented basalt-related sapphire deposits in northern Ethiopia are a possible source of raw material for this Roman intaglio (as well as other basaltic sapphires used in Roman times), in addition to previously held views that ancient sapphires originate from deposits in Sri Lanka, France and perhaps South East Asia. This rare opportunity to characterise in detail one of the very few engraved sapphires from the Roman period permits a better understanding of gem materials used in classical antiquity.

10.15506/jog.2019.36.8.710

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Study of the soluble salts formation in a recently restored house of Pompeii by in-situ Raman spectroscopy

Scientific Reports (2018)

Nagore Prieto‐Taboada Silvia Fdez‐Ortiz de Vallejuelo Marco Veneranda Iker Marcaida Héctor Morillas

The walls and mural paintings of Pompeii exposed directly to the rainfalls are the most impacted in view of the observed decay. However, there are also wall paintings in protected rooms showing evidences of decaying. The aim of this research was to study the salts formed in such protected wall paintings only by non-invasive and in-situ Raman spectroscopy to understand their decaying processes. The perystile of the House of the Gilded Cupids (Regio VI, Insula 16), one of the most important houses of Pompeii was studied. Although an exhaustive restoration was carried out in 2004, a new conservation treatment was needed in 2013 and only two years later, extensive crystallizations of soluble salts were again threatening several of the restored surfaces, thus, the presence of an unsolved degradation pathway was deduced. Thank to the proposed methodology, it was pointed out that the key is the acidified rainfall impact in the non-protected backside of the walls containing the wall paintings. Thus, a new concept in the preservation of the houses of Pompeii is provided, in which the need of the protection of those walls from both sides is suggested to avoid the movement of water through the pores of the walls.

Conservation

Mural

10.1038/s41598-018-19485-w

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Citations (31)

Archaeomagnetic results from mural paintings and pyroclastic rocks in Pompeii and Herculaneum

Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors (2000)

Elena Zanella Lucia Gurioli Giacomo Chiari Annamaria Ciarallo Raffaello Cioni

Archaeomagnetic dating

Mural

10.1016/s0031-9201(99)00146-6

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Citations (37)

Vesuvius, A.D. 79: The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum

Ernesto De Carolis Giovanni Patricelli

Mount Vesuvius, in what is now southern Italy, erupted in AD 79, spewing volcanic rock, clouds of fine ash, and deadly gases over surrounding towns and farms, burying every trace of their existence. In nearby Pompeii, nearly 2000 people died. Rain falling with the ash formed a kind of cement that encased everything and everyone in an airtight seal. This is an account of the seismic and volcanic activity leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius, as well as a detailed description of the event itself and its aftermath. The authors rely on a wide range of scientific, artistic and literary sources, including the gripping eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, whose eminent uncle died from exposure to toxic gases while trying to help victims evacuate. The authors close with stories and legends of this ancient catastrophe, which continues to fascinate scholars and non-experts to this day.

Mount

Falling (accident)

Volcanic ash

TRACE (psycholinguistics)

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Citations (12)