Rapid characterization of tephra from ongoing explosive eruptions can provide valuable insights into eruptive mechanisms, especially when integrated with data from other monitoring systems. Here we gain perspective on Stromboli's eruptive processes by linking the characteristics of ash collected in real-time with videos of each explosion. A 3 day, multifaceted field campaign at Stromboli was undertaken by Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia in October 2009. At this time, activity was at a moderately intense level, with the occurrence of an average of 4–5 explosions per hour at each of the SW and NE craters. Eight ash samples were...
Abstract Pacific Islands present unique challenges for water resource management due to their environmental vulnerability, dynamic climates, and heavy reliance on groundwater. Quantifying connections between meteoric, ground, and surface waters is critical for effective water resource management. Analyses of the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the hydrosphere can help illuminate such connections. This study investigates the stable isotope composition of rainfall on O‘ahu in the Hawaiian Islands, with a particular focus on how altitude impacts stable isotope composition. Rainfall was sampled at 20 locations from March 2018 to August 2021. The new precipitation stable isotope data were integrated with previously published data to create the most spatially and topographically diverse precipitation collector network on O‘ahu to date. Results show that δ 18 O and δ 2 H values in precipitation displayed distinct isotopic signatures influenced by geographical location, season, and precipitation source. Altitude and isotopic compositions were strongly correlated along certain elevation transects, but these relationships could not be extrapolated to larger regions due to microclimate influences. Altitude and deuterium excess were strongly correlated across the study region, suggesting that deuterium excess may be a reliable proxy for precipitation elevation in local water tracer studies. Analysis of spring, rainfall, and fog stable isotope composition from Mount Ka‘ala suggests that fog may contribute up to 45% of total groundwater recharge at the summit. These findings highlight the strong influence of microclimates on the stable isotope composition of rainfall, underscore the need for further investigation into fog’s role in the water budget, and demonstrate the importance of stable isotope analysis for comprehending hydrologic dynamics in environmentally sensitive regions.
Gravity model for the state of Hawaii. Data is from the following source: Flinders, A.F., Ito, G., Garcia, M.O., Sinton, J.M., Kauahikaua, J.P., and Taylor, B., 2013, Intrusive dike complexes, cumulate cores, and the extrusive growth of Hawaiian volcanoes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 40, p. 3367–3373, doi:10.1002/grl.50633.
We present a multimodal machine learning (MML) workflow to assimilate and simultaneously predict the 3d distribution of numeric and categorical features along a groundwater-geothermal continuum. Success of the MML workflow relies on a transductive learning algorithm that projects field modalities onto a single embedding space (hypersurface). Multimodalities can include any combination of measured (point field) and derived (multiphysics based numerical model inversions, data driven machine learning, and multiphysics informed machine learning) features. The proposed MML workflow is applied to assimilate randomly shuffled subsets of Hawaii Play Fairway modalities and predict subsurface geophysical, geologic, and hydrogeologic features at the Islands of Lanai and Hawaii. Despite challenging field data characteristics (disparate, scale dependent, spatially limited, sparse, and uncertain), the MML workflow yields a single 3d transdisciplinary model that generalizes well to independent data presented to the trained model. The predicted features are used to identify hidden groundwater and geothermal resources at Lanai, and geothermal resources at Hawaii. Other interpreted subsurface features at Lanai include basalt, batholith, dike swarm, pluton, sill, mantle, Moho, and 3d geothermal stratigraphic units; whereas interpreted subsurface features at Hawaii include 3d velocity layering, 3d earthquake-fault associations, 3d fault systems; basalt, oceanic crust, magmatic underplating, lithospheric flexure, mantle, and Moho. This study provides new capabilities for characterizing continuous subsurface groundwater and geothermal features for sustainable living in the Hawaiian Islands and other geothermal sites worldwide. Keywords: Machine learning, 3d hidden groundwater resources, hidden geothermal resources fault system, oceanic crust, magmatic underplating, lithospheric flexure, Moho, Hawaii
ABSTRACT Kīlauea Volcano has attracted visitors to Hawai‘i throughout the history of Hawai‘i’s tourism industry. From the 1870s to the 1910s, Kīlauea offered the experience of using volcanic heat and molten lava to cook food, melt postcards onto cavern walls, enflame items, and obtain souvenirs including scorched postcards, rocks, olivine, and Pele’s hair. Writers shared their experiences in publications, and traveling presentations showed American audiences images of visitors scorching postcards at Kīlauea. Marketing campaigns on the U.S. Mainland promoted Hawai‘i as a tourist destination and promoted cooking with Kīlauea’s heat. In 1907, U.S. Congressmen toured Kīlauea Caldera, ate dinner cooked with Kīlauea’s heat, and learned about Kīlauea’s geodiversity. These experiences likely influenced Congress to establish the Kīlauea, Haleakalā, and Mauna Loa Volcanoes as the Hawaii National Park (now known as the Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park). Today, the U.S. National Park Service maintains the Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, and it offers geological, biological, and cultural resources for recreation and education. For destination marketing, Kīlauea provided Hawai‘i a comparative advantage for tourism.
