Nancy E. McTigue

Newport (United States)

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David A. Cornwell

University of Florida

George D. Kamenov

University of Florida

Richard Brown

Queensland University of Technology

Benjamin F. Swaringen

University of Florida

Jean‐Claude J. Bonzongo

University of Florida

Richard A. Brown

University of California, Davis

Maureen K. Schmelling

District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority

Erika Green

Everett Skipper

Katherine C. Graf

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

Cooperative Institutions

University of Florida

Newport (United States)

University of Manchester

University of California, Davis

Groundwater Center

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

Environmental Energy & Engineering

Pennsylvania State University

District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority

Donaldson (United States)

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Modeling Bromide River Transport and Bromide Impacts on Disinfection Byproducts

American Water Works Association (2018)

David A. Cornwell Baljit K. Sidhu Richard Brown Nancy E. McTigue

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during potable water treatment can be affected by bromide (Br)‐containing discharges into receiving streams from coal‐fired power plants as well as other sources that increase the bromide content of the source water. This research focused on two aspects related to bromide increases in receiving streams. First, a bromide river transport model was adapted to track bromide concentrations in the river following a point discharge. In this work, the point discharges modeled were coal‐fired power plants. The model tracked the bromide concentrations at river segments after the point of discharge daily and, therefore, at water intakes as a function of time. In this article, the application of the model is illustrated for two rivers: the Ohio River along the Indiana and Kentucky borders and the Dan River in Virginia and North Carolina. Second, models to predict DBP formation due to increased bromide in source waters were developed. The source waters used in the DBP models were obtained from 13 states across the United States. Good model fits were found for predicting trihalomethane as bromide varies, as well as for predicting the unregulated sum of four haloacetic acids (HAA4). A method was also developed to predict the sum of nine HAAs (HAA9) based on measured sum of five HAAs (HAA5; the currently regulated HAAs) and modeled HAA4. The DBP formation models developed using the specific criteria evaluated in this research would have applications beyond only bromide discharges from coal‐fired power plants and would apply to any cause of a bromide increase in the source water.

Haloacetic acids

Trihalomethane

10.1002/awwa.1145

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Citations (7)

AWWA Standard C810‐17: An Important Tool for Utilities in Reducing Exposure to Lead in Water

American Water Works Association (2018)

Nancy E. McTigue Kanwal Oberoi K. C. Morgan Maureen K. Schmelling Paul J. Olson

A standard released in 2017 by AWWA outlines procedures for safely replacing and flushing lead service lines.

Lead (geology)

Flushing

10.1002/awwa.1168

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Citations (0)

High-precision Pb isotopes of drinking water lead pipes: Implications for human exposure to industrial Pb in the United States

The Science of The Total Environment (2023)

George D. Kamenov Benjamin F. Swaringen David A. Cornwell Nancy E. McTigue Stephen M. Roberts

Lead (geology)

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162067

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Citations (9)

Occurrence and consequences of increased bromide in drinking water sources

American Water Works Association (2014)

Nancy E. McTigue David A. Cornwell Katherine C. Graf Richard Brown

Elevated concentrations of brominated disinfection by‐products (DBPs) have been reported recently by some drinking water utilities. Some of these occurrences have been correlated with upstream discharges of bromide‐containing wastes from coal‐fired power utilities, discharges of hydraulic fracturing wastewater, and other industrial sources. This article discusses this problem in terms of the chemistry of DBP formation when bromide is present, regulatory changes that have resulted in the increased use of bromide by industries, and the number of water utilities potentially affected by these discharges. The authors investigated this problem through a review of published and unpublished sources and through interviews with utility personnel and state regulators.

Water source

10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0141

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Citations (56)

Aqualink -- Handling Residuals With Interactive Programs

American Water Works Association (1994)

Nancy E. McTigue Robin C. Brandt

Source

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Citations (0)

Strategies for assessing optimized corrosion control treatment of lead and copper

American Water Works Association (2013)

Richard A. Brown Nancy E. McTigue David A. Cornwell

Three strategies are commonly used to optimize corrosion control: adjusting pH and alkalinity, developing Pb(iv) scale by maintaining free chlorine residuals throughout the distribution system, and applying orthophosphate‐based corrosion inhibitors at appropriate dosages and pH ranges.

Alkalinity

Lead (geology)

10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0066

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Citations (17)

Controlling Lead and Copper Rule Water Quality Parameters

American Water Works Association (2014)

David A. Cornwell Richard A. Brown Nancy E. McTigue

The Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), enacted in 1991, was implemented to reduce exposure to lead and copper at consumers' taps. Water suppliers were required to initiate treatment that would reduce corrosion in the distribution system and thereby limit the release of lead and copper. The LCR required the supplier to initiate this treatment, called optimized corrosion control treatment (OCCT), and to monitor for certain water quality parameters (WQPs) to demonstrate that the OCCT was in place. The intent of this study was to determine how well WQPs can be controlled at actual water treatment plants and in distribution systems. In general, the data analyzed in this study demonstrated that utilities can successfully control these parameters within certain ranges, but variability does occur. The use of control charts for monitoring and responding to demonstrated variability of these WQPs is also presented. The value of control charts in observing trends and reacting to variations where appropriate is described.

Lead (geology)

10.5942/jawwa.2015.107.0011

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Citations (3)

Large Utilities' Use of the Microbial Toolbox for LT2ESWTR Compliance

American Water Works Association (2013)

Nancy E. McTigue David A. Cornwell

Public water systems were surveyed to determine how they chose to achieve compliance with the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). This rule, promulgated in 2006, was intended to increase protection from the risks of Cryptosporidium contamination by encouraging utilities to adopt a multibarrier approach to drinking water treatment. The rule allowed the use of a number of treatment options, or tools, for compliance. Large treatment facilities were required to demonstrate compliance with the rule by 2012. This survey determined which tools large utilities used for compliance and why they chose these particular options. This article discusses the tools chosen, outlines the requirements for obtaining credits for Cryptosporidium inactivation or removal, and reviews the scientific basis for the US Environmental Protection Agency's decision to grant these credits.

Toolbox

10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0123

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Citations (2)

The use of lead isotopes for determining sources of lead in drinking water

AWWA Water Science (2024)

David A. Cornwell George D. Kamenov Nancy E. McTigue

Abstract A series of paired samples were analyzed to determine if high‐precision lead isotopic fingerprinting could help identify the source of lead in plumbing materials and drinking water. Samples were obtained of plumbing materials (lead service lines, copper pipe with lead solder, galvanized materials, and brass fixtures) from water utilities across the United States. Lead samples were taken from the material itself, from scales, and in some cases from associated water. The lead samples were analyzed to determine the ratios of the four stable lead isotopes present. The results enabled the identification of relationships between various components and further aided in the identification of the source of lead found in water and in pipe scales. Isotopic fingerprinting, as demonstrated in this study, could be used to determine if a galvanized line is a galvanized line requiring replacement (GRR) under the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (USEPA, 2023).

Lead (geology)

10.1002/aws2.70002

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Citations (0)

Children's exposure to environmental lead: A review of potential sources, blood levels, and methods used to reduce exposure

Environmental Research (2021)

Benjamin F. Swaringen Emory Gawlik George D. Kamenov Nancy E. McTigue David A. Cornwell

Lead (geology)

Blood lead level

Environmental Pollution

Lead pollution

10.1016/j.envres.2021.112025

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Citations (51)