We present the results of a rock physics driven workflow to analyze and steer a planned CO2 migration campaign, it combines a rock-physical seismic model, reservoir model and Bayesian scenario framework to assess monitoring configurations. The injection of CO2 into the subsurface requires a detailed understanding of the petrophysical properties and rock physical frame of the formation under stress. The underlying assumptions made for the unconsolidated high porosity formation have a significant impact on the expected seismic response. For a shallow aquifer pressure and saturation dependent elastic parameters are derived within a rock physical description. Distinguishing pressure and saturation related changes of the acoustic impedance is subject to the sensitivities of the properties used to derive the underlying seismic P- and S-velocities as well as densities. These uncertainties can induce a non-negligible variability in the footprint of a seismic image of the CO2 plume. The rock physics model is based on a solid frame consisting of quartz and clay and saturated with water and gas. The integrated workflow coupled with dynamic simulations provides a possibility to define and evaluate conformance measures during operation. Within this context the workflow is applied to the extended Svelvik CO2 field laboratory, which can be considered as a big sandbox model with capabilities for up-scaling to larger storage formations. An experimental design assessing the sensitivity of the information present for the site is translated into a scenario-based ensemble of dynamic models. Following, a practical quantitative workflow for a-priori assessment of monitoring strategies in probabilistic conformance verification is demonstrated. The results provide insight into the impact of different aspects of geophysical monitoring configurations (e.g., sparsity, noise levels, detection thresholds and timing) on the conformance verification accuracy.
In this paper, the applicability of deep downhole geoelectrical monitoring for detecting CO2 related signatures is evaluated after a nearly ten year period of CO2 storage at the Ketzin pilot site. Deep downhole electrode arrays have been studied as part of a multi-physical monitoring concept at four CO2 pilot test sites worldwide so far. For these sites, it was considered important to implement the geoelectrical method into the measurement program of tracking the CO2 plume. Analyzing the example of the Ketzin site, it can be seen that during all phases of the CO2 storage reservoir development the resistivity measurements and their corresponding tomographic interpretation contribute in a beneficial manner to the measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) protocol. The most important impact of a permanent electrode array is its potential as tool for estimating reservoir saturations.
The offset dependent variation of the acoustic impedance has been used throughout the lifecycle of oilfields to discriminate pressure and saturation differences. While there are many ambiguities caused by overburden, tuning, morpho- and lithological effects the analysis provides additional insights to the distribution of pore pressure and fluids in a given rock physics framework. An experimental design assessing the sensitivity of AVO effects in a rock physical context is proposed. The methodology is applied to a planned CO2 injection test at the Svelvik CO2 Field Laboratory, South of Oslo, Norway. The geology is inspired from a recent site characterization (Bakk et al., 2012) and is supplemented with different conceptual features. The information present for the site is translated into a scenario based ensemble of static models. A detailed understanding of the underlying rock physics model is required not only to design the monitoring campaigns before injection, but will provide the basis to alter the underlying parameters defining the magnitude and sensitivity of simulated and measured acoustic impedances. Distinguishing pressure and saturation related changes of the acoustic impedance is subject to the sensitivities of the properties used to derive the underlying seismic P- and S-velocities as well as densities. These uncertainties can induce a non-negligible variability in the footprint of a seismic image of the CO2 plume. This allows to explain subtle heterogeneities of highly simplified simulations. Designing cost efficient surveys to obtain an effective coverage of the injected CO2 and discrimination of fluid and saturation related pore effects require a rigorous approach in the quantification of the rock physical properties upfront. Presentation Date: Wednesday, October 17, 2018 Start Time: 9:20:00 AM Location: Poster Station 3 Presentation Type: Poster